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Biology flashcards > Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Diversity of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogenetics

A

Reveals ‘relatedness’

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2
Q

tree of life domains

A

bacteria, archaea, eukaryota

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3
Q

How are organisms categorised

A

Linnaean classification, phylogenetic analysis

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4
Q

Linnaean classification

A

increasingly defined taxonomic groups

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5
Q

Taxonomic units

A

taxon

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6
Q

Order of Linnaean classification

A

Species- genus- family- order- class- phylum- kingdom - domain

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7
Q

what is used for phylogenetic analysis

A

rRNA gene sequences

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8
Q

How to make phylogenetic trees

A

isolate dna, amplify rRNA sequences, compare, make tree

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9
Q

systematics

A

study of diversity and relatedness

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10
Q

electron microscopy

A

high resolution

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11
Q

types of microscopy

A

Bright-field, phase-contrast, dark-field, electron

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12
Q

function of peptidoglycan

A

gives shape, resists pressure

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13
Q

structure of peptidoglycan

A

Amino sugar backbone (NAG,NAMA) joined by peptides

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14
Q

role of penicillin

A

cut peptide link in amino backbone of peptidoglycan of cell wall

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15
Q

cell lysis start product

A

lysozyme

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16
Q

cell lysis result

A

cell in spherical shape bursts

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17
Q

monotrichous flagella

A

1 on end

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18
Q

amphitrichous flagella

A

1 on both ends

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19
Q

lophotrichous flagella

A

lots on one end

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20
Q

peritrichous flagella

A

all over, covered

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21
Q

point in binary fission where cells new walls will form

A

septum

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22
Q

Archaea nucleus?

A

no nucleus

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23
Q

archaea chromosome shape

A

circular

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24
Q

Archaea organelles?

A

none

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25
Q

glycoprotein

A

polysaccharide and protein

26
Q

pseudomurin in archaea

A

similar to peptidoglycan but different Amino sugars- insensitive to penicillin

27
Q

most common cell wall in archaea

28
Q

difference between archaeal cell membrane lipids and prokaryotic/eukaryotic

A

lipid tail bonded to glycerol with ETHER linkage not ester

29
Q

what is Ham in archaea

A

hook for grip

30
Q

halophile

A

high salt content environment

31
Q

why are halophiles osmotically balanced

A

K+ ions imported into cell

32
Q

where are cytoplasm and organelles in fungi

A

inner lumen

33
Q

Walls that divide hyphae into tubes

34
Q

hyphae without cell walls

A

coenocytic or aseptate

35
Q

chitin

A

tough polysaccharide in cell walls of fungi

36
Q

blastospores

A

little branch structure

37
Q

chlamydospores

A

multiple buds of spores

38
Q

protists relationships

A

symbiotic or parasitic

39
Q

when does sexual reproduction of protists occur

A

under stressed conditions

40
Q

slime mold reproduction when stressed

A

sexual spores formed

41
Q

plastid

42
Q

virus definition

A

obligate intercellular parasites

43
Q

outer structure of virus

A

protein coat and envelope (lipids and proteins)

44
Q

non-enveloped virus

A

genome in capsid

45
Q

enveloped virus

A

genome in nucleocapsid and envelope

46
Q

helical virion structure

47
Q

icosahedral virion structure

A

ball shape

48
Q

complex virion structure

A

angry robot looking yoke - icosahedral + helical

49
Q

pleomorphic virion structure

A

worm - enveloped

50
Q

positive single strand RNA virus

A

pretends to be RNA- translated immediately

51
Q

Negative single strand RNA virus

A

transcribed into positive sense then translated into protein

52
Q

methods of virus reproduction

A

budding, lysis

53
Q

viruses and homeostasis

A

cannot control internal temperature - no

54
Q

do viruses have organisation

A

yes- made of different subunits

55
Q

do viruses grow

A

no- already fully formed

56
Q

do viruses evolve

A

yes- mutate - covid

57
Q

symbiosis

A

relationship between organisms

58
Q

mutualism

A

both cells benefit - soyabean and rhizobia bacteria

59
Q

commensalism

A

benefits one, doesn’t harm other, gut microbiome

60
Q

parasitism

A

harms one - alpha amatin in mushrooms - inhibits RNA polymerase 2 - no mRNA to make proteins

61
Q

pathogens

A

can’t reproduce until good conditions, bursts host cell, travels

Biology flashcards (3 decks)

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