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Histology Principles > Diversity of Cells and their Function - Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Diversity of Cells and their Function - Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How can material cross the cell membrane?

A

Diffusion
Pumps and Channels
Vesicular Transport

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2
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

Material from the extracellular fluid being incorporated into the cell

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of endocytosis?

A

Cell invaginates
Creates pseudopodia
Membrane fuses
Forms an Endosome

Process governed by receptors

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4
Q

What are the three steps of endocytosis?

A
  1. Invagination
  2. Fusion
  3. Budding
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5
Q

Describe Phagocytosis?

A

Bacteria/ Large particle joins the surface

Triggers receptors of Pseudopodia

The pseudopodia and form a phagosome

The phagosome binds with a lysosome forming a phagolysosome

Material is digested

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6
Q

How is tissue preserved so it may be viewed down a microscope? (5)

A

Cut very thinly - to allow light through
Impregnated with a support material

For waxing: It has to be dehydrated (via xylene)

Sample then placed in an organic solvent and then placed into hot wax.

Thin sections are then cut on a microtome and put onto microscope slides

The wax is washed out and the tissue is rehydrated

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7
Q

What are the two Tissue stains used?

A

Haematoxylin

Eosin

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8
Q

What is Haematoxylin?

A

Haematoxylin is a basic dye that has an affinity for acidic molecules, stained bluish purple

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9
Q

What is Eosin?

A

Eosin is an acidic dye that has an affinity for basic molecules, stained pink/red

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10
Q

What are the basic types of tissue? (4)

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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11
Q

Where are Epithelia found? (3)

A

Found were the outside meets inside.

Used to line hollow organs

Form glands

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12
Q

How do epithelia cells gain nutrients?

A

All are non-vascular cells and gain nutrients from capillaries

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13
Q

What are Polarised cells?

A

They are different at the apical and basal ends

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14
Q

What are the functions of Epithelia cells? (5)

A 
Mechanical Barrier
Chemical Barrier
Absorption 
Secretion
Containment
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15
Q

What are the types of Epithelia?

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
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16
Q

Name the layers of Epithelia Cells?

A

Simple - one layer
Stratified - two or more layers
Psuedostratified - appears to have more than one, but only has one.

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17
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Endocrine Glands: Products secreted towards the basal lamina then disturbed to the vascular
system

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18
Q

What epithelia secrets products?

A

Glandular epithelia

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19
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Products secreted towards the apical end, they then go to the lumen, internal
space, or into a ducts

20
Q

What type of glands are duct glands?

A

Exocrine glands

21
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

Soft connective tissue
Hard connective tissue
Blood and lymph.

22
Q

What does connective tissue consist of?

A

Extracellular Matrix

Cells

23
Q

What is the Extracellular matrix of connective tissue made from?

A 
Reticular Fibres
Elastic Fibres 
Collagen
Ground Substance
Tissue fluid
24
Q

What is the Ground Substance in the Extracellular Matrix of Connective Tissue?

A 
An amorphous space occupying material made of huge unbranched 
polysaccharide molecules (glycoaminoglycans)
25
Q

What cells are found in Connective Tissue?

A

Fibroblasts
Adipose Cells
Osteocytes
Chondrocytes (cells of the cartilage)

26
Q

What are three types of Cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

27
Q

What is the shaft of the bone called?

A

The Diaphysis

28
Q

What is the Diaphysis made from?

A

Cortical Bone

29
Q

What are the ends of bone called?

A

Epiphyses

30
Q

What are Epiphyses made from?

A

Cancellous/Trabecular Bone

31
Q

What are the types of muscle?

A

Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal

32
Q

Describe Smooth Muscle.

A

Smooth muscle is elongated spindle shapes.

No striations can be seen.

33
Q

What is Involuntary Muscle?

A

Skeletal Muscle

34
Q

Describe Skeletal Muscle.

A

Striated Muscle

Multi-nucleated

Nuclei located at the periphery

35
Q

What is the cell membrane of Skeletal Muscle?

A

The Sarcolemma

36
Q

Describe Cardiac Muscle.

A

Has Striations

Attach to neighbouring cells via Intercalated Discs

37
Q

What does Nervous tissue consist of?

A

Neurones

Support cells (Glia Cells)

38
Q

What is the connective tissue coat in the central nervous system?

A

The Meinges

39
Q

What is the connective tissue coat in the peripheral nervous system?

A

The Epineurium

40
Q

What are the Glia Cells in the Central Nervous System?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodenrocytes
Microglia

41
Q

What are the Glia Cells in the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Schwann cells

42
Q

What is the function of Astrocytes?

A

Astrocytes: used for support and for ion transport

43
Q

What is the function of Oligodenrocytes?

A

Oligodenrocytes: used to produce myelin

44
Q

What is the function of Microglia?

A

Microglia: provide immune surveillance.

45
Q

What is the function Schwann cells?

A

Schwann cells: Produce myelin and support axons.

Histology Principles (3 decks)

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