Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles - Histology > Diversity of Cells and Their Function > Flashcards

Diversity of Cells and Their Function Flashcards

1
Q

How are specimens prepared for light and electron microscopy?

A

Tissue is ‘fixed’ with a chemical like formalin
Tissue is thinly sliced
Tissue is impregnated with support material (usually wax) by dehydrating, putting into organic solvent and placing in hot wax
Thin sections cut on a microtome and put onto microscope slides, wax washed out, tissue rehydrated
Tissue stained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are artifacts?

A

Changes from the original tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does H&E mean?

A

An abbreviation of Haematoxylin and Eosin, the most common combination of stains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do epithelial cells do?

A

Line surfaces of body or hollow organs

Form glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Forms the framework of the body

Has a role in development, growth and homeostasis of tissues and energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Cells that are specialised to generate force by contracting - movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of?

A

Neurons and their supporting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Control

Communication between different parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are epithelial cells good for covering the surfaces of the body?

A

Adhesion between them is strong so they form sheets of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a basal lamina?

A

The layer of extracellular matrix components to which epithelial cells are attached to at their bottom surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Do epithelial cells have blood vessels supplying them?

A

No - non-vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Are epithelial cells polarised?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the functions of epithelia?

A 
Mechanical and chemical barrier
Absorption
Secretion
Containment
Locomotion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the different shapes epithelial cells can be?

A

Squamous (fried egg)
Cuboidal
Columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the names for the different number of layers epithelial cells can have?

A

1 - simple
2 or more - stratified
Appears to have multiple but actually just one - pseudostratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the term for the presence of specialised cell types in epithelia?

A

Goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the surface specialisation of epithelia?

A

Prominent microvilli
Cilia
Presence of layers of keratin proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of glandular epithelia?

A

Produce secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the product secreted by endocrine glands?

A

Towards the basal end of the cell then distributed throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is the product secreted by exocrine glands?

A

Towards the apical end of the cell into the lumen of an internal space, a duct, or onto the body surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue?

A

Soft connective tissue
Hard connective tissue
Blood and lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does connective tissue consist of?

A

Extracellular matrix

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What determines the type of connective tissue?

A

The types and relative amounts of extracellular matrix and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the extracellular matrix consist of?

A

Fibres
Ground substance
Tissue fluid

26
Q

What is a ground substance?

A

An amorphous space occupying material made of huge unbranched polysaccharide molecules

27
Q

What cells do connective tissues consist of and what are these cells?

A

Firoblasts (produce and maintain extracellular matrix)
Adipose cells (fat cells)
Osteocytes (bone cells)
Chondrocytes (cartilage cells)

28
Q

What are the two types of soft connective tissue?

A

Loose

Dense

29
Q

What is the difference between loose and dense connective tissue?

A

Loose are loosely packed and separated by lots of ground substance
Dense are densely packed

30
Q

What are the different types of dense son connective tissue and what does that mean?

A

Dense regular CT - fibres are aligned

Dense irregular CT - fibre bundles run in many directions

31
Q

How is hard connective tissue described?

A

Strong and flexible, compressible, semi-rigid tissue

32
Q

What is another name for hard connective tissue?

A

Cartilage

33
Q

What are the three types of hard CT?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

34
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

35
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Tracheal rings

36
Q

What kind of bone makes up the shaft of a bone and what is it like?

A

Cortical bone

Dense

37
Q

What kind of bone makes uo the ends of bones and what does it look like

A

Cancellous/trabecular

Fine meshwork of bone (inside of aero)

38
Q

Which type of tissue contains the greatest amount of contractile fibres?

A

Muscle cells

39
Q

What are the main types of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac

40
Q

What are alternative names for smooth muscle tissue?

A

Involuntary

Visceral

41
Q

Why is smooth muscle tissue called smooth, involuntary and visceral?

A

It has no visible striations
It is not under conscious control
It is predominantly found in organs

42
Q

What is the difference between a longitudinal and a transverse view of smooth muscle?

A

Longitudinal - cells sectioned along their long axis

Transverse - cells sectioned across their long axis

43
Q

What are alternative names for skeletal muscle?

A

Voluntary

Striated

44
Q

Why are the alternative names for skeletal muscle - voluntary and striated - not entirely accurate?

A

Some skeletal muscles are not always under the control of will and not all striated muscles are skeletal

45
Q

What does the typical skeletal muscle fibre look like?

A

Giant, multi-nucleated, cylindrical cell

46
Q

Where are the nuclei in skeletal muscle cells?

A

The periphery of the cell, just internal to the cell membrane (sarcolemma in muscle cells)

47
Q

What does cardiac muscle form?

A

Walls of the heart chambers

Origins of great vessels

48
Q

Does cardiac muscle have striations?

A

Yes but less prominent

49
Q

What is a different feature of cardiac muscle?

A

Intercalated discs - the site of end to end attachments between adjacent cells

50
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of and which is there more of?

A

Neurons
Support cells (glial cells)
More glia

51
Q

What are the three main types of neurons?

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Pseudounipolar

52
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

Many dendrites
One axon
Most common type

53
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

One dendrite

One axon

54
Q

What are pseudounipolar neurons?

A

Short process gives rise to axon in both directions

55
Q

What are the main types of CNS glial cells?

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes

56
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Support and maintaining extracellular homeostasis

57
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Immune surveillance

58
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Produce myelin sheaths

59
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

Produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system and support axons

60
Q

Do the brain and spinal cord or the peripheral nerves have associated connective tissue?

A

Peripheral nerves do, brain and spinal cord do not

61
Q

What are the brain and spinal cord surrounded by?

A

Connective tissue meninges

Principles - Histology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions