Diversity of Cells and Their Function Flashcards

(61 cards)

1
Q

How are specimens prepared for light and electron microscopy?

A

Tissue is ‘fixed’ with a chemical like formalin
Tissue is thinly sliced
Tissue is impregnated with support material (usually wax) by dehydrating, putting into organic solvent and placing in hot wax
Thin sections cut on a microtome and put onto microscope slides, wax washed out, tissue rehydrated
Tissue stained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are artifacts?

A

Changes from the original tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does H&E mean?

A

An abbreviation of Haematoxylin and Eosin, the most common combination of stains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do epithelial cells do?

A

Line surfaces of body or hollow organs

Form glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Forms the framework of the body

Has a role in development, growth and homeostasis of tissues and energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Cells that are specialised to generate force by contracting - movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of?

A

Neurons and their supporting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Control

Communication between different parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are epithelial cells good for covering the surfaces of the body?

A

Adhesion between them is strong so they form sheets of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a basal lamina?

A

The layer of extracellular matrix components to which epithelial cells are attached to at their bottom surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Do epithelial cells have blood vessels supplying them?

A

No - non-vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Are epithelial cells polarised?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the functions of epithelia?

A
Mechanical and chemical barrier
Absorption
Secretion
Containment
Locomotion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the different shapes epithelial cells can be?

A

Squamous (fried egg)
Cuboidal
Columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the names for the different number of layers epithelial cells can have?

A

1 - simple
2 or more - stratified
Appears to have multiple but actually just one - pseudostratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the term for the presence of specialised cell types in epithelia?

A

Goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the surface specialisation of epithelia?

A

Prominent microvilli
Cilia
Presence of layers of keratin proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of glandular epithelia?

A

Produce secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is the product secreted by endocrine glands?

A

Towards the basal end of the cell then distributed throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is the product secreted by exocrine glands?

A

Towards the apical end of the cell into the lumen of an internal space, a duct, or onto the body surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue?

A

Soft connective tissue
Hard connective tissue
Blood and lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does connective tissue consist of?

A

Extracellular matrix

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What determines the type of connective tissue?

A

The types and relative amounts of extracellular matrix and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does the extracellular matrix consist of?
Fibres Ground substance Tissue fluid
26
What is a ground substance?
An amorphous space occupying material made of huge unbranched polysaccharide molecules
27
What cells do connective tissues consist of and what are these cells?
Firoblasts (produce and maintain extracellular matrix) Adipose cells (fat cells) Osteocytes (bone cells) Chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
28
What are the two types of soft connective tissue?
Loose | Dense
29
What is the difference between loose and dense connective tissue?
Loose are loosely packed and separated by lots of ground substance Dense are densely packed
30
What are the different types of dense son connective tissue and what does that mean?
Dense regular CT - fibres are aligned | Dense irregular CT - fibre bundles run in many directions
31
How is hard connective tissue described?
Strong and flexible, compressible, semi-rigid tissue
32
What is another name for hard connective tissue?
Cartilage
33
What are the three types of hard CT?
Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
34
What is the most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
35
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Tracheal rings
36
What kind of bone makes up the shaft of a bone and what is it like?
Cortical bone | Dense
37
What kind of bone makes uo the ends of bones and what does it look like
Cancellous/trabecular | Fine meshwork of bone (inside of aero)
38
Which type of tissue contains the greatest amount of contractile fibres?
Muscle cells
39
What are the main types of muscle tissue?
Smooth Skeletal Cardiac
40
What are alternative names for smooth muscle tissue?
Involuntary | Visceral
41
Why is smooth muscle tissue called smooth, involuntary and visceral?
It has no visible striations It is not under conscious control It is predominantly found in organs
42
What is the difference between a longitudinal and a transverse view of smooth muscle?
Longitudinal - cells sectioned along their long axis | Transverse - cells sectioned across their long axis
43
What are alternative names for skeletal muscle?
Voluntary | Striated
44
Why are the alternative names for skeletal muscle - voluntary and striated - not entirely accurate?
Some skeletal muscles are not always under the control of will and not all striated muscles are skeletal
45
What does the typical skeletal muscle fibre look like?
Giant, multi-nucleated, cylindrical cell
46
Where are the nuclei in skeletal muscle cells?
The periphery of the cell, just internal to the cell membrane (sarcolemma in muscle cells)
47
What does cardiac muscle form?
Walls of the heart chambers | Origins of great vessels
48
Does cardiac muscle have striations?
Yes but less prominent
49
What is a different feature of cardiac muscle?
Intercalated discs - the site of end to end attachments between adjacent cells
50
What does nervous tissue consist of and which is there more of?
Neurons Support cells (glial cells) More glia
51
What are the three main types of neurons?
Multipolar Bipolar Pseudounipolar
52
What are multipolar neurons?
Many dendrites One axon Most common type
53
What are bipolar neurons?
One dendrite | One axon
54
What are pseudounipolar neurons?
Short process gives rise to axon in both directions
55
What are the main types of CNS glial cells?
Astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes
56
What is the function of astrocytes?
Support and maintaining extracellular homeostasis
57
What is the function of microglia?
Immune surveillance
58
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
Produce myelin sheaths
59
What is the function of Schwann cells?
Produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system and support axons
60
Do the brain and spinal cord or the peripheral nerves have associated connective tissue?
Peripheral nerves do, brain and spinal cord do not
61
What are the brain and spinal cord surrounded by?
Connective tissue meninges