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Principles - Histology > Anatomy of the cell > Flashcards

Anatomy of the cell Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

Determines the shape and fluidity of the cell

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2
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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3
Q

What are inclusions?

A

Structures within the cytoplasm which may or may not be bound by a membrane
They have been synthesised by the cell itself

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4
Q

What is another name for the cell membrane?

A

The plasmalemma

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5
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

Having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components

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6
Q

Which end of phospholipid molecules is at the surface and which faces toward the middle?

A

Surface - hydrophilic head

Middle - hydrophobic fatty acid chain

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7
Q

What do the terms exocytose and endocytose mean?

A

to exit and enter the cell membrane

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8
Q

Is the cell membrane fluid?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is the cell membrane permeable to?

A

Water
Oxygen
Small hydrophobic molecules

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10
Q

What is the cell membrane almost impermeable to?

A

Charged ions

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11
Q

What is imbedded in the cell membrane?

A

Integral and peripheral proteins

Cholesteral

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12
Q

What is the difference between organelles and inclusions?

A

Organelles are essential to life

Inclusions are dispensable

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13
Q

What are microfilaments composed of?

A

Actin

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14
Q

Which are the smallest filaments?

A

Microfilaments

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15
Q

What makes microfilaments dynamic?

A

They can be assembled and later dissociate

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16
Q

What do intermediate filaments do?

A

Bind intracellular elements together and to the membrane

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17
Q

Can microtubules be assembled and disassembled?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

Tubulin

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19
Q

Where do microtubules originate from?

A

Centrosome/MTOC

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20
Q

Are microtubules polar?

A

Yes

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21
Q

Which proteins attach to microtubules?

A

Dynein

Kinesin

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22
Q

How do microtubules lead to cell locomotion?

A

Dynein and kinesin attatch to microtubules
They move along the mictotubules
They associate with the membranes of organelles and vesicles
Then drag them along the microtubule

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23
Q

What is kinesin and where does it move towards?

A

ATPase

Cell periphery

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24
Q

What is dynein and where does it move towards?

A

ATPase

Cell centre

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25
Q

What does the centrosome have at its centre?

A

A pair of organelles called centrioles composed of microtubules

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26
Q

What is the nucleus enclosed by?

A

Nuclear envelope

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27
Q

What is the nuclear envelope composed of?

A

Inner and outer nucleus membrane

Nuclear pores

28
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope?

A

To provide continuity with the cytoplasm

29
Q

What is between the sheets of the nuclear envelope?

A

Perinuclear cistern

30
Q

What is the perinuclear cistern continuous with?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum

31
Q

What is the outer nuclear membrane studded with?

A

Ribosomes

32
Q

What is the location of RNA synthesis>

A

The nucleus

33
Q

Where are mRNA, tRNA and rRNA transcribed?

A

m and t - nucleus

r - nucleolus

34
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A dense area within the nucleus

35
Q

What is euchromatin and where is it found?

A

DNA more dispersed and undergoing transcription

Nucleus

36
Q

What is heterochromatin and where is it found?

A

DNA that is condensed and not undergoing transcription

Nucleus

37
Q

What are ribosomes involves with?

A

Protein synthesis

38
Q

What is the composition of ribosomes?

A

Small subunit to bind RNA

Large subunit to catalyse the formation of peptide bonds

39
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

A network of interconnecting membrane-bound compartments

40
Q

Which type of ER is studded with Ribosomes?

A

Rough

41
Q

What does rough ER do?

A

Plays a role in the synthesis of proteins to be inserted into membranes or for secretion

42
Q

How are ribosomes and the rough ER involved in protein synthesis?

A

Ribosome attaches to mRNA
If ER signal peptide sequence is present, growing peptide is inserted into pore in ER
Growing peptide forms in ER, signal sequence removed
Ribosome detaches and completed protein moves into smooth ER

43
Q

What does smooth ER do?

A

Continues processing proteins produces in the rough ER

Site of synthesis of lipids

44
Q

Do most cells have a large or small amount of smooth ER?

A

Small

45
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus composed of?

A

A group of flattened, membrane bound cisternae

46
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Modifies and packages macromolecules that were synthesised in the ER

47
Q

How does the Golgi apparatus modify macromolecules?

A

Adds sugars
Cleaves some proteins
Sorts macromolecules into vesicles

48
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Generate ATP

Synthesise certain lipids and proteins

49
Q

What are intercellular junctions?

A

Specialised membrane structures which link individual cells together into one unit

50
Q

Where are intercellular junctions particularly prominent?

A

Epithelia

51
Q

What are the three types of intercellular junctions?

A

Occluding
Anchoring
Communicating

52
Q

What do occluding junctions do?

A

Link cells to form a diffusion barrier

53
Q

What do occluding junctions look like?

A

A focal region of close apposition between adjacent cell membranes

54
Q

What are occluding junctions also known as?

A

Tight junctions

Zonula occludens

55
Q

What do anchoring junctions so?

A

Link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells, leaving a small gap

56
Q

What are anchoring junctions also known as?

A

Zonula adherens

57
Q

What do desmosomes do?

A

Link submemnrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells

58
Q

What are desmosomes also known as?

A

Macula adherens

59
Q

Where are desmosomes commonly found?

A

Skin

60
Q

What is a junctional complex?

A

A close association of several types of junction found in epithelial tissues

61
Q

What do communicating junctions do?

A

Allow selective diffusion of molecules between cells

62
Q

What are communicating junctions also known as?

A

Gap junctions

63
Q

In what three ways can material move across the cell membrane?

A

Diffusion
Transport proteins
Vesicular transport

64
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

Movement of material across the cell membrane by incorporation into vesicles

65
Q

What are two types of vesicular transport?

A

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis

66
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The cell membrane invaginates, fuses and the newly made endocytotic vesicle (endoscope) buds into the cell

67
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytes recognise non self antigens
They bind to cell surface
Then engulf cell and digest the cell

Principles - Histology (3 decks)

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