DIVERSITY & CULTURE IN BUSINESS

Question 1

means that a company offers every employee an equal opportunity for work and advancement. Equity ensures equal possible outcomes for all employees

Answer 1

Equity

Question 2

means that a company welcomes every employee, whatever their identity, and helps them to feel they are an integral part of the organization.

Answer 2

Inclusion

Question 3

the set of values, beliefs, rules, and institutions held by a specific group of people.

Answer 3

culture

Question 4

Belief that one’s own ethnic group or culture is superior to that of others.

Answer 4

ethnocentricity

Question 5

Detailed knowledge about a culture that enables a person to work happily and effectively within it. It improves people’s ability to manage employees, market products, and conduct negotiations in other countries.

Answer 5

cross-cultural literacy

Question 6

A group of people who share a unique way of life within a larger, dominant culture.

Answer 6

subculture

Question 7

is a very visible and foundational feature of culture that influences personal communication. Surface fea tures such as navigable rivers and flat plains facilitate travel and contact with others

Answer 7

physical environment

Question 8

• All the technology used in a culture to manufacture goods and provide services.

Answer 8

material culture

Question 9

• Ideas, beliefs, and customs to which people are emotionally attached.

Answer 9

Values

Question 10

Positive or negative evaluations, feelings, and tendencies that individuals harbor toward objects or concepts.

Answer 10

Attitude

Question 11

Positive or negative evaluations, feelings, and tendencies that individuals harbor toward objects or concepts.

Answer 11

Attitudes

Question 12

Comprises those aspects a culture considers “good taste” in the arts, in the imagery evoked by certain expressions, and in the symbolism of certain colors.

Answer 12

Aesthetics

Question 13

• Appropriate ways of behaving, speaking, and dressing in a culture.

Answer 13

Manners

Question 14

Habits or ways of behaving in specific circumstances that are passed down through generations in a culture.

Answer 14

Customs

Question 15

• Behavior, often dating back several generations, that is practiced by a homogeneous group of people.

Answer 15

folk custom

Question 16

Behavior shared by a heterogeneous group or by several groups.

Answer 16

popular custom -

Question 17

A culture’s fundamental organization, including its groups and institutions, its system of social positions and their relationships, and the process by which its resources are distributed.

Answer 17

social structure

Question 18

• Collection of two or more people who identify and interact with each other.

Answer 18

social group -

Question 19

is a small group of people who share close personal relationships that form early in life and endure through time.

Answer 19

primary group

Question 20

• is larger, less personal, and less enduring than a primary group. Secondary groups typically develop later in life and are established to achieve a specific goal such as company employees belonging to a project team.

Answer 20

secondary group

Question 21

is one that people use as a standard (or reference) for their own prefer ences, beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.

Answer 21

reference group

Question 22

• consists of a person’s immediate relatives, including parents, brothers, and sisters.

Answer 22

reference group

Question 23

consists of a person’s immediate relatives, including parents, brothers, and sisters.

Answer 23

nuclear family

Question 24

broadens the nuclear family and adds grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins, and relatives through marriage.

Answer 24

extended family

Question 25

Process of ranking people into social layers or classes.

Answer 25

social stratification -

Question 26

Ease with which individuals can move up or down a culture’s “social ladder.”

Answer 26

social mobility -

Question 27

• System of social stratification in which people are born into a social ranking, or caste, with little or no opportunity for social mobility.

Answer 27

caste system

Question 28

System of social stratification in which personal ability and actions determine social status and mobility.

Answer 28

class system

Question 29

• Departure of highly educated people from one profession, geographic region, or nation to another.

Answer 29

brain drain

Question 30

System of conveying thoughts, feelings, knowledge, and information through speech, writing, and actions.

Answer 30

Communication

Question 31

Employees in certain markets feel comfortable question ing superiors or seeking additional explanation if something doesn’t seem quite right. Yet a manager working abroad must sometimes work hard to ascertain what local workers think because they might not be accustomed to questioning authority figures.

Answer 31

IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGERS

Question 32

Advertising slogans and company documents must be translated care fully so that messages are received precisely as intended. If they are not carefully translated, a company can make a language blunder in its international business dealings.

Answer 32

LANGUAGE BLUNDERS

Question 33

Third or “link” language understood by two parties who speak different native languages.

Answer 33

lingua franca

Question 34

Language communicated through unspoken cues, including hand gestures, facial expressions, physical greetings, eye contact, and the manipulation of personal space.

Answer 34

body language

Question 35

People in different cultures often perceive time differently. Famed anthropologist Edward T. Hall distinguished between two types of cultures based on time perception.

Answer 35

Perception of Time

Question 36

Whereas some cultures display a strong work ethic, others achieve more balance in juggling work and leisure. Some people in southern France like to say they work to live, whereas some people in the United States live to work.

Answer 36

View of Work

Question 37

Anything that represents a culture’s way of life, including gestures, material objects, traditions, and concepts.

Answer 37

cultural trait

Question 38

Process whereby cultural traits spread from one culture to another

Answer 38

cultural diffusion

Question 39

• Replacement of one culture’s traditions, folk heroes, and artifacts with substitutes from another.

Answer 39

cultural imperialism

Question 40

framework Framework for studying cultural differences along six dimensions, such as focus on past or future events and belief in individual or group responsibility for personal well-being.

Answer 40

Kluckhohn–Strodtbeck

Question 41

Framework for studying cultural differences along six dimensions, such as individualism versus collectivism and equality versus inequality.

Answer 41

Hofstede framework