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Biology > Diversity And Grouping > Flashcards

Diversity And Grouping Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Linnaean classification?

A

A hierarchical system where groups go from larger and general to smaller and specific

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2
Q

What is phylogenetic system?

A

A system that shows the evolutionary interrelatedness between groups

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3
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups

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4
Q

What is Linnaeus system based on?

A

Binomial nomenclature and hierarchical classification

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5
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

The process of naming species a two part Latinized name

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6
Q

What are the rules of binomial nomenclature

A

Must be in italics
Genus name first and first letter capitalized
Species name second and not capitalized

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7
Q

What are the 2 kingdoms of Linnaean classification?

A

Animal and plant kingdom

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8
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plant
Fungi
Animal

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9
Q

What are sister groups?

A

Descendants that split from the same node (ancestor)

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10
Q

What is a Clade?

A

A group of organisms that include an ancestor and all descendants of it

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11
Q

What are the prokaryotic kingdoms?

A

Bacteria and archaea

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12
Q

What are the eukaryotic kingdoms?

A

Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia

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13
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Single called organisms without a membrane bound nucleus.

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14
Q

What organelles are present in prokaryotic cells?

A

Ribosomes

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15
Q

What are the a major nutritional modes of prokaryotes?

A

Autotrophs and heterotrophs

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16
Q

What are photo autotrophic prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes that use light as an energy source and co2 as a Carbon source

17
Q

What is a chemo autotroph?

A

Prokaryotes that use inorganic materials as an energy source and co2 as a Carbon source.

18
Q

What are photo heterotrophic prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes that use light as an energy source and organic compounds as carbonsource

19
Q

What are chemo heterotrophic prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes that use organic compounds as energy and carbon source

20
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Single or multi cellular organisms that have a membrane bound nucleus

21
Q

What is bacteria?

A

Unicellular organisms that are prokaryotic and have no membrane enclosed organelles

22
Q

What are mutualistic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that are beneficial to other organisms

23
Q

What is an example of mutualistic bacteria?

A

Helps with digestion
Fermentative bacteria
Nitrogen fixing bacteria

24
Q

How do bacteria cause diseases?

A

Producing endotoxins and exotoxins

25
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Toxins produced by the bacteria

26
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

Released when the bacteria die and their cell wall breaks down

27
Q

What are the 4 main shapes of bacteria?

A

Coccus (circular)
Bacillus (rod shaped)
Curved
Other

28
Q

What are gram positive bacteria?

A

Bacteria which have a thick multilayered peptidoglycan cell wall which allows for the purple staining.

29
Q

What is gram negative bacteria?

A

Bacteria which have a thin single layered peptidoglycan layer which allows for the pink staining

30
Q

Which bacteria is more susceptible to antibiotics and why?

A

Gram positive is more susceptible because they do not have an outer membrane. Gram negative is less susceptible because they have an outer membrane.

31
Q

Why does gram positive have the purple dye?

A

Gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan wall. The dye enters this and forms a complex which is too large to pass through the cell wall and cannot be removed with an alcohol rinse because of the cell wall. So the purple colour remains

32
Q

Why does gram negative have reddish pink dye?

A

Gram negative bacterial have thin peptidoglycan layer so the dye can easily pass through and form a crystal violet iodine complex. This layer also allows alcohol rinse to pass through. The violet iodine complex is removed by the Al school. Therefore to see it, a safranin dye is added to it which stains the cell red

33
Q

What are the major groups of bacteria?

A

Proteobacteria
Chlamydias
Spirochetes
Cyanobacteria

34
Q

What are proteobacteria

A

Parasites

35
Q

What are chlamydias

A

Parasites that can only live in animal cells

36
Q

What are spirochetes

A

Free living heterotrophic parasites

37
Q

What are Cyanobacteria

A

Autotrophs

38
Q

What are the different types of archae and what are they?

A

Thermophiles - prefers hot temperatures
Pyschrophiles - prefers cold temperatures
Halophiles - prefers salty habitats
Acidophilus - prefers acidic conditions

Biology (3 decks)

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