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Gr. 11 Biology > Diversity 2 > Flashcards

Diversity 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are our theories on the origins of eukaryotes?

A
  • Cell membrane of a bacterium or archaea could have folded in on itself, creating a form of membrane bound organelles
  • Chloroplast and mitochondria specifically are thought to be separate, smaller prokaryotic cells which were engulfed and lived in endosymbiosis with the larger cell. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own chromosomes and reproduce independently from the rest of the cell.
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2
Q

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

A

A form of movement where the cell stretches its cytoplasm in the direction it wants to move in. Can also help with ingesting cells in a process called endocytosis. Amoeba use this.

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3
Q

What are the three main ways protists move?

A

Using flagella, cilia, or cytoplasmic streaming.

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4
Q

What is Endosymbiosis?

A

One type of cell lives within the cell of another organism.

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5
Q

Traits of protists

A

The first eukaryotic organisms – proto meaning first

Many are still unicellular

Not much in common between species of protist

Most are unicellular

All have a nucleus (eukaryotic)

Many are colonial - living together in groups

Can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like

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6
Q

How do protists reproduce?

A

Binary Fission – copying the nucleus and splitting in two.

Multiple Fission – copying the nucleus many times and splitting into many cells.

Conjugation – joining with another cell to swap DNA

Sexual Reproduction – making gamete-like cells and fusing them. Half of the genes from both sex cells make a full amount of DNA for the offspring.

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7
Q

How do heterotrophic protists get their nutrients?

A

Endocytosis – surrounding and engulfing prey

Using cilia to sweep prey into an opening called a gullet

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8
Q

Traits of the kingdom fungi

A

Can be multicellular or unicellular, but is mostly multicellular

Saprobes/decomposers

Has a cell wall

Most fungi are capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction

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9
Q

What makes the fungi cell wall unique?

A

Fungi have a cell wall made of chitin, which sets them apart from plant cells that have a cell wall made of cellulose.

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10
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

In both types of reproduction (sexual and asexual), fungi produce spores which spread out from the parent organism by either floating on the wind or getting a ride on an animal.

Similar to seeds, but are lighter, smaller, and have no protection.

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11
Q

What are the five phyla of the kingdom fungi?

A

Zygomycota – Moulds (this phyla has since been split in two, but this isn’t important to know), Ascomycota – Sac-Like Fungi, Chytridiomycota – Aquatic Fungi , Basidiomycota – Club-Like Fungi, Glomeromycota - symbiotic fungi

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12
Q

What are the traits of the phylum zygomycota?

A

The moulds

Includes bread and fruit moulds

Many are used commercially

Many are parasites of insects

Need moisture and warmth to grow, spores can survive for a long time.

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13
Q

What are traits of the phylum ascomycota?

A

Sac-like fungi

A group which includes mildews, yeasts, and truffles

Most reproduce by producing spores in a structure called an ascus
(Yeasts are unicellular and reproduce asexually by budding)

Truffles are the largest members of this phyla. Grows on the roots of oak trees, harvested in the fall. A delicacy that sells for lots of money.

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14
Q

How do yeasts reproduce?

A

Yeasts are unicellular and reproduce asexually by budding

The cell copies its nucleus and a ‘bud’ forms on its surface. When this bud is large enough, it breaks off.

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15
Q

What are the traits of the phylum basidiomycota?

A

Club-like fungi

The most recognizable phyla as they house all mushrooms

Over 14,000 species ranging from edible to toxic to medicinal to psychoactive

All mushrooms have a similar structure and produce their spores in gills

*Farming mushrooms is an important industry in Ontario. They are decomposers in nature, as well as a food source for many animals.

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16
Q

What are the traits of the phylum chytridiomycota?

A

Poorly understood

Aquatic and motile; move using a flagellum

Contribute to mass deaths of amphibians and threatening their extinction

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17
Q

What are the parts of a mushroom?

A

Cap/Pileus – Makes and disperses spores

Scales – Protective

Gills/Lamellae – Houses cells where spores are produced

Stem/Stape – To provide food, minerals and salts

Mycelial Threads – Vegetative part of a mushroom

Cup and Ring – Remnants of gills

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18
Q

What are the traits of the phylum glomeromycota?

A

All form symbiotic relationships with plant roots

Includes lichens

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19
Q

What is an example of a symbiotic relationship between a plant and glomeromycota?

A

Algae is protected in fungi, which in turn benefits from nutrients gained in photosynthesis. This is an example of lichens.

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20
Q

What are some traits of the kingdom plantae?

A

Half a billion years of evolution

Photosynthetic (uses sunlight to create oxygen + sugar)

Base of many food chains

Multicellular

Eukaryotic

Has a cell wall (made of cellulose, rather than the chitin that fungi cells have)

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21
Q

What does photosynthesis do?

A

Turns sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into sugar and oxygen. Sugar is then converted into starch.

22
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6H12O6 + 6 O2

23
Q

What do we think plants evolved from? Why do we think this?

A

Plants evolved from charophytes, which is a group of green algae that belong to the kingdom protista. We know this because:

Both contain chlorophyll a and b

Both begin cytokinesis by creating a cell plate

Both have cell walls made of cellulose

Both store excess food as starch

24
Q

Traits of non-vascular plants

A

Mosses, liverworts, hornworts..

No true roots/stems

Short + small plants

Prefer moist environments

Asexual reproduction via vegetative propagation

Sexual reproduction via spore-like cells

Absorb water and CO2 directly

25
Q

Traits of vascular plants

A

Have specialized cells for the transporting of water and nutrients

Allows plants to grow much larger and live much longer

26
Q

Traits of spore-making plants

A

Ferns, horsetails, club mosses..

Rhizomes, which are underground stems that act as roots

Spores are produced on the underside of leaves.

Spores = haploid cells that make gametes. They need water for dispersal

27
Q

What are seeds?

A

Complex structures with a protective coat and food supply. Variety of dispersals, with water not being necessary.

28
Q

What are the two main seed types called? What are their traits?

A

Gymnosperms: Naked Seeds

Minimal protection of the seeds

Includes conifers

Often have needles which help them tolerate dry/cold conditions. Evergreen plants like these can do photosynthesis all year round.

Angiosperms: Protected Seeds

Produce fruit and seeds (not necessarily edible fruits)

Need pollination

29
Q

What are some traits of the kingdom animalia?

A

Eukaryotic

Multicellular

Heterotrophic

Mostly mobile

No cell wall

30
Q

What do we think animals evolved from?

A

The kingdom animalia likely evolved from a colonial protist with a flagellum.

31
Q

What are nerves used for?

A

Specialized cells used to coordinate movement and sense changes in the environment.

The only animal phylum without nerves is the porifera.

32
Q

What are the two types of symmetry in kingdom animalia? What are their traits and characteristics?

A

Radial Symmetry

The body is arranged around a central axis.

Jellyfish and sea anemone use radial symmetry.

Bilateral Symmetry

A body with left and right sides which are mirror images of each other.

The dorsal and ventral (upper and lower) surfaces, as well as the anterior and posterior (front and back) areas are different from each other.

33
Q

What is a protostome?

A

Animals with bilateral symmetry where the mouth forms before the anus in embryonic development.

34
Q

What is a deuterostome?

A

Animals with bilateral symmetry where the anus forms before the mouth in embryonic development.

Less diverse than protostomes, but more familiar to us.

35
Q

What is the life cycle of a protostome?

A

Involves a number of distinct larval stages.

These stages are sometimes unrecognizable compared to the fully formed animal.

36
Q

How do you calculate cell size?

A

Field Diameter / Number of times the image can fit in the field diameter

37
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

Drawing length / Cell Size

38
Q

List 3 pathogenic protists

A

Giardia - A water protist that causes giardiasis (fever and bloody diarrhea)

Trypanosomes - infect human blood and cause sleeping sickness

Plasmodium - causes malaria, a major disease in tropical areas

Trypanosomes and Plasmodium are both passed to humans through mosquitoes.

39
Q

animal like vs plant like vs fungi like protists:

A

animal like: lack a cell wall, heterotrophic, use endocytosis or cilia to eat prey, cannot photosynthesize..

plant like: cell wall made of cellulose, have chloroplasts (specifically contain both chlorophyll a and b), photoautotrophic…

fungi like: cell wall made of chitin, lack chloroplasts, decomposers, heterotrophic..

40
Q

Ecological roles of protists:

A
  • Photosynthesis to release oxygen
  • Food source for many aquatic animals
  • decomposers
41
Q

What are the parts of a paramecium?

A
  • Gullet
  • Contractile Vacuole
  • Food Vacuole
  • Micronucleus
  • Macronucleus
  • Cilia
42
Q

What are the parts of a euglena?

A
  • Flagellum
  • Eyespot
  • Contractile Vacuole
  • Nucleus
  • Chloroplast
  • Pellicle/cell membrane
43
Q

What are lichens?

A

A stable symbiotic association between a fungus and algae and/or cyanobacteria

44
Q

What was the advantage of plants transitioning from water to land?

A
  • sunlight is more abundant
  • CO2 is more readily available
  • at the time it was untouched land, which made it appealing to spread into.
45
Q

How are vascular plants at an advantage over non-vascular plants?

A

Vascular plants can grow bigger because of their supportive structures, allowing them to take in more sunlight and starve out non-vascular plants.

46
Q

Some traits of the phylum chordates (which are deuterostomes):

A

Vertebrae

Paired appendages

Bony skeletons

Many times larger than invertebrates

An amniotic egg with specialized membranes and an outer shell which makes it resistant to water loss.

Mammals retain amniotic membranes around the developing fetus.

47
Q

What are echinoderms?

A

An animal phylum with a water vascular system and five-sided radial symmetry. Includes starfish. Deuterostomes.

48
Q

What are some protostome human interactions?

A

Pathogens and vectors (transmitters of disease)

Food and economic benefits

Competitors for resources

49
Q

What are some examples of and characteristics of simple invertebrates?

A

An invertebrate is any animal that does not have a backbone or vertebral column. There are over 30 different phyla of invertebrates. Examples include worms, jellyfish, clams and oysters, octopuses, insects, crustaceans, and sea stars.

50
Q

What are the 5 traits of phylum Chordata?

A

These five characteristics are a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, an endostyle or thyroid, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.

Gr. 11 Biology (8 decks)

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