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Diversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the structure of binomial nomenclature?

A

First word = genus name
Second word = species name
Italics

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  1. Archaebacteria
  2. Eubacteria
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2
Q

Who developed the binomial nomenclature system?

A

Carl Linnaeus

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3
Q

What is the taxonomic hierarchy?

A

Names organisms and their relationships from very broad to very specific
Taxonomic categories
Kingdom King
Phylum Philip
Class Came
Order Over
Family For
Genus Great
Species Soup

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3
Q

How to make a phylogenic tree?

A

*remember what miss boctor taught - ancestor

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3
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  1. Protista
  2. Fungi
  3. Animal
  4. Plantae
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4
Q

Archaebacteria

A

Unicellular
Live in extreme environments
Prokaryotic (no nucleus)

Methanogens: Live without oxygen.
They live in swamps, marshes, and
intestines.
They produce methane gas.

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5
Q

Eubacteria

A

Unicellular
Prokaryotic
“Common bacteria”
E. coli is the most famous eubacteria,
because it is easily seen with a
microscope.

It is present in large numbers in feces, and
can be an indicator of contamination in
water supplies.

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6
Q

Protista

A

Eukaryotic (has a nucleus)
Unicellular or colonial
Lots of different life styles

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7
Q

Fungi

A

Cell walls made of chitin
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
External heterotrophs (can’t make own food)

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8
Q

Plantae

A

Eukaryotic & Multicellular
Cell walls made of cellulose
Autotrophic

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9
Q

Animalia

A

Eukaryotic & Multicellular
No cell walls
Internal heterotrophs

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10
Q

How to make dichotomous key?

A

duck, lizard, hen, snake

scales
Y N
lizard duck
snake hen
/ \
legs webbed feet
Y N Y N
lizard snake duck hen

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11
Q

What are Bacteria?

A

Bacteria are:

Unicellular. (Each bacterium is one cell)

Prokaryotic (Bacteria have no nucleus)

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12
Q

What do bacteria have?

A

Bacteria have:

No organelles

One circular chromosome

Smaller DNA rings called Plasmids

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13
Q

Binary Fission

A

Bacteria reproduce using binary fission.

This process is similar to mitosis, but
much simpler.

The bacterium copies its DNA, and then
splits into two identical bacteria.

14
Q

Conjugation

A

Bacteria have a form
of sexual
reproduction as well,
called conjugation.

In conjugation,
plasmids (genes)
can be transferred
between bacteria.
This effectively
means that bacteria
can transfer traits.

They can transfer
resistance genes to
antibiotics.

Imagine if humans
could transfer skills
like this!

15
Q

Advantages of bacteria

A

They are also beneficial.

They are used to make industrial products,
and are also useful in the environment

Making human insulin for diabetics

Breaking down dead skin and dust in your
house

Breaking down dead plants and animals

Helping break things down in digestion.

16
Q

disadvantages of bacteria

A

Bacteria cause a wide range of human
afflictions.

They can cause disease and infection.

The plague

Botulism

Septicemia

Acne

Bad breath

17
Q

Structure of bacteria (google)

A

Cell Envelope:
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

Cytoplasm:
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Inclusions

External Structures:
Flagella (singular: flagellum)
Pili (singular: pilus)
Capsule

Additional Structures:
Plasmids
Endospores

18
Q

Structure of viruses (google)

A

Genetic Material (NUCLEIC ACID)
Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. It can be single-stranded or double-stranded.

Capsid:
A protein coat that gives a virus its shape.

Envelope (in some viruses):
Consist of lipids and are found only in some viruses; it is believed to come from the host cell when the virus exits in the cell

Tails:
Viruses that infect bacteria have a tail used for attachment

19
Q

What is a Virus?

A

A virus is a small infectious particle that contains genetic material (DNA or RNA) within a protein capsule
Viruses have traits of living organisms, but they are not considered to be alive
They reproduce and contain genetic information but they cannot reproduce without a host cell

20
Q

What characterizes a virus?

A

Main characteristics:
* Non-living
* Non-cellular: they have no cytoplasm or cellular organelles
* Capable of reproducing only when inside a host cell
o They do not conduct any metabolism on their own and must replicate using the metabolic machinery of the cell
* Infectious
o Can be harmless, others kill their host
* Microscopic
o Can only be seen using an electron microscope

21
Q

What are viruses classified into?

A

They are classified into:
- Orders
- Families
- Genus
- Species

22
Q

What are the three shapes of viruses?

A
  1. Helical (rod shaped)
  2. Cubic or polyhedral (many sided)
  3. Complex (neither of the others)
23
Q

Lytic vs Lysogenic cycle

A

Lytic:
Binding, DNA enters, New viral parts, assembly, Lysis

Lysogenic
Binding, DNA enters, New viral parts, Cell enters lytic cycle

24
Q

8 characteristics of life

A

reproduction, heredity, cellular organization, growth and development, response to stimuli, adaptation through evolution, homeostasis, and metabolism. Something must have all 8 of these traits to be considered a living thing.

25
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotes

A

All prokaryotes have plasma membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, a cell wall, DNA, and lack membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms belonging to the domains Bacteria and Archaea. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, have no nucleus, and lack organelles.

26
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotic cells have the nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane.

The cell has mitochondria.

Flagella and cilia are the locomotory organs in a eukaryotic cell.

A cell wall is the outermost layer of the eukaryotic cells.

The cells divide by a process called mitosis.

The eukaryotic cells contain a cytoskeletal structure.

The nucleus contains a single, linear DNA, which carries all the genetic information.

27
Q

characteristic of invertebrates

A

Invertebrates are generally soft-bodied animals that lack a rigid internal skeleton for the attachment of muscles but often possess a hard outer skeleton (as in most mollusks, crustaceans, and insects) that serves, as well, for body protection.

28
Q

characteristic of vertebrates

A

As chordates, vertebrates have the same common features: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. Vertebrates are further differentiated from chordates by their vertebral column, which forms when their notochord develops into the column of bony vertebrae separated by discs.

29
Q

differences between plant and animal cells

A

Animal cells each have a centrosome and lysosomes, whereas plant cells do not. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.

Biology (4 decks)

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