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Diversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Lytic Cycle

A
  1. Attachment 2. Entry 3. Replication 4. Assembly 5. Lysis (release)
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2
Q

Protozoa

A

Animal-like protists. Parasitic, feed on other organisms or dead matter. Four groups: Sarcodines, ciliates, flagellates, sporozoans

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3
Q

Methanogens

A

Archaea. Produce methane as waste. Live in anaerobic environments (e.g. sewage disposal).

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4
Q

Halophiles

A

Salt-loving archaea. 15% salt in lieu of 3,5% salt (sea water)

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5
Q

Thermoacidophiles

A

Heat and acid loving archaea. Extremely hot (80+ degrees celsius) and acidic environments (e.g. volcanoes).

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6
Q

Diplo, straphylo, strepto

A

Diplo: two Straphylo: grape-like cluster Strepto: Line/chain like formation.

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7
Q

Cocci, bacilli, spirilla

A

Cocci: circle/ball Bacilli: Rod-shaped Spirilla: Spiral-shaped (always found singly)

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8
Q

Gram-positive

A

Thick protein layer on cell wall. Stains purple

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9
Q

Gram-negative

A

Thin protein layer on cell wall. Stain stays pink

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10
Q

Photosynthetic

A

uses light for their energy source

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11
Q

Chemosynthetic

A

uses inorganic materials for their energy source

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12
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Conjugation; new cells with new genetic combination, unfavourable conditions

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13
Q

Conjugation

A

One bacterium transfers part of its chromosome to another using pili. The second cell will undergo binary fission.

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14
Q

Endospore

A

Dormant phase in which a tough outer covering sounds the cell. It cannot reproduce or grow but can withstand harsh conditions.

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15
Q

Pseudopodia

A

“fake feet” used by sarcodines for moving/hunting

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16
Q

Anaerobic

A

Can live without oxygen

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17
Q

Chitin

A

cell walls of fungi

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18
Q

pili

A

bridge-like structure used during conjugation

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19
Q

Hyphae

A

various sections that make up the mycelium

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20
Q

Mycelium

A

the network of roots and parts of the fungi that are underground

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21
Q

Fruiting body

A

the visible part of the mushroom above ground

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22
Q

Spores

A

Sexual OR asexual reproduction. Thick outer covering of fungi spread by wind.

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23
Q

Budding

A

asexual reproduction. New organism sprouts from the body of the parent organism and detaches.

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24
Q

Radial symmetry

A

animals organized around a vertical axis

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25
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Animals that can be cut into 2 mirroring halves

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26
Q

Coelom

A

internal fluid-filled body cavity

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27
Q

Coelomate

A

Animals possessing a coelom

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28
Q

Acoelomate

A

Animals without a coelom

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29
Q

Sessile

A

Organisms stationary as adults but could have been mobile during juvenile stages

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30
Q

Cellulose

A

cell wall in plants

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31
Q

Vascular tissue or system

A

Movement system

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32
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like; used for movement by ciliates

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33
Q

Flagella

A

Long and whip-like; used for movement by flagellates

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34
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Absorbs light for photosynthesis; Green pigment in plants (green algae)

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35
Q

Gametes

A

sex cells

36
Q

Bryophytes

A

Non-vascular plants. Ex: Moss, liverwort, hornwort. Gametes travel through water (no seeds).

37
Q

Non-vascular vs vascular plants

A

Vascular: Ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms Non-Vascular: Bryophytes

38
Q

Ferns

A

Seedless vascular plants. Gametes travel through the air to produce embryos.

39
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Seed-producing vascular plants. Ex: pine trees, cedar, redwood. Produces a “naked seed”

40
Q

Angiosperms

A

Seed-producing vascular plants. Includes all flowering plants.

41
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Binary fission, spores, fragmentation, budding.

42
Q

Fragmentation

A

Fragments of hyphae create a new organism

43
Q

Classes of fungi

A

1) Chytrids 2) Zygomycota 3) Ascomycota (Sac) 4) Basidiomycota (Club) 5) Imperfect fungi

44
Q

Chytrids

A

Water moulds. ex: skin disease and decomposers

45
Q

Zygomycota

A

Mostly multicellular. Ex: infections and decomposers

46
Q

Ascomycota

A

Yeast and truffles (sac fungi). Ex: penicillin and skin infections

47
Q

Basidiomycota

A

Club fungi. Mushrooms and puffballs. Ex: disease and food

48
Q

Imperfect fungi

A

Parasitic fungi. Ex: athletes foot and decomposers

49
Q

Slime Moulds

A

Plasmodial (feed like amoebas and look like slugs) and Cellular (spores that can survive harsh conditions and pseudoplasmodium).

50
Q

Water Moulds

A

Live on dead organic matter (saprotrophs)

51
Q

Ectoderm

A

outer layer. Produces skin, nerve tissue, and sense organs.

52
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer. Produces lungs, liver, pancreas, bladder and gut lining.

53
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner layer. Produces muscles, blood, kidneys, and reproductive organs.

54
Q

Species richness

A

total number of different species present in a given habitat

55
Q

Derived characteristic

A

traits shared by the ingroup that the outgroup does not have

56
Q

DNA

A

genes and genetic sequences. They represent relatedness and act as “blueprints” for cells

57
Q

Taxonomist

A

person who specializes in studying the relationships among organisms

58
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the functioning of organisms

59
Q

Host cell

A

cell taken over by virus

60
Q

Lysis

A

Breaking open of host cell during lytic cycle

61
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Addition to the lytic cycle. DNA is inserted into host cell’s DNA and lies dormant until outside factors permit.

62
Q

Virus

A

nucleic acid (DNA) in a protein coat (capsid). Infective and non-living

63
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

Eukaryotes; Has a nucleus; includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

64
Q

Domain Archaea

A

Prokaryotes; no nucleus or organelles

65
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

Prokaryotes; no nucleus or organelles

66
Q

Eukaryote

A

Has a nucleus and organelles.

67
Q

Prokaryote

A

Bacteria and Archaea; nu nucleus or organelles

68
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat around virus DNA

69
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

evolutionary hypotheses; similar to cladogram

70
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the structure of organisms

71
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of life found in a particular ecosystem

72
Q

Ecological diversity

A

Variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area

73
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Variety of genetic material within a species or a population

74
Q

Species diversity

A

Number and abundance of species present in different habitats

75
Q

Species composition

A

which species are present (list)

76
Q

Taxonomy

A

Study of classifying organisms

77
Q

Species evenness

A

How relatively abundant each of the species are (amount)

78
Q

Latitudinal diversity gradient

A

phenomenon in which the biodiversity increases near the equator

79
Q

Invasive species

A

Non-native organisms that negatively affect the new environment

80
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

2-word naming system. Genus species (italicized).

81
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

Developer of binomial nomenclature

82
Q

Classification

A

the process by which organisms are grouped together

83
Q

Ingroup

A

Species or group chosen for study

84
Q

Outgroup

A

Similar but distantly related group to the ingroup

85
Q

Cladogram

A

Branching diagram that demonstrates derived traits between the outgroup and ingroup.

86
Q

Dichotomous key

A

Tool for identifying species in a genus using visual cues.

87
Q

Taxa

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Biology Exam Prep (7 decks)

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