Diversity Flashcards
Lytic Cycle
- Attachment 2. Entry 3. Replication 4. Assembly 5. Lysis (release)
Protozoa
Animal-like protists. Parasitic, feed on other organisms or dead matter. Four groups: Sarcodines, ciliates, flagellates, sporozoans
Methanogens
Archaea. Produce methane as waste. Live in anaerobic environments (e.g. sewage disposal).
Halophiles
Salt-loving archaea. 15% salt in lieu of 3,5% salt (sea water)
Thermoacidophiles
Heat and acid loving archaea. Extremely hot (80+ degrees celsius) and acidic environments (e.g. volcanoes).
Diplo, straphylo, strepto
Diplo: two Straphylo: grape-like cluster Strepto: Line/chain like formation.
Cocci, bacilli, spirilla
Cocci: circle/ball Bacilli: Rod-shaped Spirilla: Spiral-shaped (always found singly)
Gram-positive
Thick protein layer on cell wall. Stains purple
Gram-negative
Thin protein layer on cell wall. Stain stays pink
Photosynthetic
uses light for their energy source
Chemosynthetic
uses inorganic materials for their energy source
Sexual reproduction
Conjugation; new cells with new genetic combination, unfavourable conditions
Conjugation
One bacterium transfers part of its chromosome to another using pili. The second cell will undergo binary fission.
Endospore
Dormant phase in which a tough outer covering sounds the cell. It cannot reproduce or grow but can withstand harsh conditions.
Pseudopodia
“fake feet” used by sarcodines for moving/hunting
Anaerobic
Can live without oxygen
Chitin
cell walls of fungi
pili
bridge-like structure used during conjugation
Hyphae
various sections that make up the mycelium
Mycelium
the network of roots and parts of the fungi that are underground
Fruiting body
the visible part of the mushroom above ground
Spores
Sexual OR asexual reproduction. Thick outer covering of fungi spread by wind.
Budding
asexual reproduction. New organism sprouts from the body of the parent organism and detaches.
Radial symmetry
animals organized around a vertical axis
Bilateral symmetry
Animals that can be cut into 2 mirroring halves
Coelom
internal fluid-filled body cavity
Coelomate
Animals possessing a coelom
Acoelomate
Animals without a coelom
Sessile
Organisms stationary as adults but could have been mobile during juvenile stages
Cellulose
cell wall in plants
Vascular tissue or system
Movement system
Cilia
Hair-like; used for movement by ciliates
Flagella
Long and whip-like; used for movement by flagellates
Chlorophyll
Absorbs light for photosynthesis; Green pigment in plants (green algae)
Gametes
sex cells
Bryophytes
Non-vascular plants. Ex: Moss, liverwort, hornwort. Gametes travel through water (no seeds).
Non-vascular vs vascular plants
Vascular: Ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms Non-Vascular: Bryophytes
Ferns
Seedless vascular plants. Gametes travel through the air to produce embryos.
Gymnosperms
Seed-producing vascular plants. Ex: pine trees, cedar, redwood. Produces a “naked seed”
Angiosperms
Seed-producing vascular plants. Includes all flowering plants.
Asexual reproduction
Binary fission, spores, fragmentation, budding.
Fragmentation
Fragments of hyphae create a new organism
Classes of fungi
1) Chytrids 2) Zygomycota 3) Ascomycota (Sac) 4) Basidiomycota (Club) 5) Imperfect fungi
Chytrids
Water moulds. ex: skin disease and decomposers
Zygomycota
Mostly multicellular. Ex: infections and decomposers
Ascomycota
Yeast and truffles (sac fungi). Ex: penicillin and skin infections
Basidiomycota
Club fungi. Mushrooms and puffballs. Ex: disease and food
Imperfect fungi
Parasitic fungi. Ex: athletes foot and decomposers
Slime Moulds
Plasmodial (feed like amoebas and look like slugs) and Cellular (spores that can survive harsh conditions and pseudoplasmodium).
Water Moulds
Live on dead organic matter (saprotrophs)
Ectoderm
outer layer. Produces skin, nerve tissue, and sense organs.
Mesoderm
Middle layer. Produces lungs, liver, pancreas, bladder and gut lining.
Endoderm
Inner layer. Produces muscles, blood, kidneys, and reproductive organs.
Species richness
total number of different species present in a given habitat
Derived characteristic
traits shared by the ingroup that the outgroup does not have
DNA
genes and genetic sequences. They represent relatedness and act as “blueprints” for cells
Taxonomist
person who specializes in studying the relationships among organisms
Physiology
The study of the functioning of organisms
Host cell
cell taken over by virus
Lysis
Breaking open of host cell during lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle
Addition to the lytic cycle. DNA is inserted into host cell’s DNA and lies dormant until outside factors permit.
Virus
nucleic acid (DNA) in a protein coat (capsid). Infective and non-living
Domain Eukarya
Eukaryotes; Has a nucleus; includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
Domain Archaea
Prokaryotes; no nucleus or organelles
Domain Bacteria
Prokaryotes; no nucleus or organelles
Eukaryote
Has a nucleus and organelles.
Prokaryote
Bacteria and Archaea; nu nucleus or organelles
Capsid
Protein coat around virus DNA
Phylogenetic tree
evolutionary hypotheses; similar to cladogram
Anatomy
Study of the structure of organisms
Biodiversity
Variety of life found in a particular ecosystem
Ecological diversity
Variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area
Genetic diversity
Variety of genetic material within a species or a population
Species diversity
Number and abundance of species present in different habitats
Species composition
which species are present (list)
Taxonomy
Study of classifying organisms
Species evenness
How relatively abundant each of the species are (amount)
Latitudinal diversity gradient
phenomenon in which the biodiversity increases near the equator
Invasive species
Non-native organisms that negatively affect the new environment
Binomial nomenclature
2-word naming system. Genus species (italicized).
Carl Linnaeus
Developer of binomial nomenclature
Classification
the process by which organisms are grouped together
Ingroup
Species or group chosen for study
Outgroup
Similar but distantly related group to the ingroup
Cladogram
Branching diagram that demonstrates derived traits between the outgroup and ingroup.
Dichotomous key
Tool for identifying species in a genus using visual cues.
Taxa
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
