Divers Flashcards
English
A lot of phonemes in one single syllable (like ‘strengths - 7 syllables) unlike Hawaiian or Japanese
Foreign languages
Appear faster because we don’t hear the pauses between the words. Later, when we can pick out the different units, it sounds more normal.
Rate of speech
English and Chinese (high information density) can convey the same ideas with less syllables than Spanish (low information density). But the languages that have low info density are spoken faster, so the info is conveyed at the same speed.
Code-switching
n linguistics, code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation. Multilinguals—speakers of more than one language—sometimes use elements of multiple languages when conversing with each other. Thus, code-switching is the use of more than one linguistic variety in a manner consistent with the syntax and phonology of each variety. Code-switching is distinct from other language contact phenomena, such as borrowing, pidgins and creoles, loan translation (calques), and language transfer (language interference).
Loan transfer (calque)
- un type d’emprunt lexical particulier en ce sens que le terme emprunté a été traduit littéralement d’une langue à une autre en s’inspirant davantage de sa lettre que de son esprit
Language transfer (interférence linguistique)
Language transfer (also known as L1 interference, linguistic interference, and crosslinguistic influence) refers to speakers or writers applying knowledge from one language to another language.[1] It is the transfer of linguistic features between languages in the speech repertoire of a bilingual or multilingual individual, whether from first to second, second to first or many other relationships.
Differences between men and women’s speech
-women articulate more
Vowels in English
English is not typical : it has 14, 16 or more vowels
Child directed speech
Motherese
Contrepèterie , spoonerism
La contrepèterie ou le contrepet est un jeu de mots consistant à permuter certains phonèmes, lettres ou syllabes d’une phrase afin d’en obtenir une nouvelle, présentant souvent un sens indécent masqué par l’apparente innocence de la phrase initiale ex. A blushing crow.” (“crushing blow”), Conan le Barbare / Connard le barbant[17].
Contrepèterie , spoonerism
La contrepèterie ou le contrepet est un jeu de mots consistant à permuter certains phonèmes, lettres ou syllabes d’une phrase afin d’en obtenir une nouvelle, présentant souvent un sens indécent masqué par l’apparente innocence de la phrase initiale ex. A blushing crow.” (“crushing blow”), Conan le Barbare / Connard le barbant[17].
Metaphors
Much of language is fossilized metaphors
Modal voice
Our normal speaking voice
Phonations
Voice qualities
Some languages use phonations linguistically (they can change the meaning of a word) but we use them paralinguistically (to indicate some kind of metadata or sub text)
Linguistic insecurity
Linguistic insecurity refers to feelings of anxiety, self-consciousness, or lack of confidence in the mind of a speaker surrounding the use of their own language. Often, this anxiety comes from speakers’ belief that their use of language does not conform to the perceived standard and/or the style of language expected by the speakers’ interlocutor(s). Linguistic insecurity is situationally induced and is often a matter of the feeling of inadequacy regarding personal performance in certain contexts, rather than a fixed attribute of an individual. This insecurity can lead to stylistic, and phonetic shifts away from an affected speaker’s default speech variety; these shifts may be performed consciously on the part of the speaker, or may be reflective of an unconscious effort to conform to a more prestigious or context-appropriate style of speech.
