Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology 2 > Diuretics > Flashcards

Diuretics Flashcards

0
Q

What is a diuretic?

A

Increase rate of urine flow and also increase rate of sodium excretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are the 5 types of diuretics?

A 
Osmotic
Loop or high ceiling
Thiazide
Potassium sparing
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T/F: a diuretic causes urination.

A

False. Diuretics do not cause urination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 7 classifications of diuretics?

A 
Cardiovascular
Osmotic
Physiologic
Loop
Thiazide
Potassium sparing
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types of cardiovascular diuretics?

A

Digitalis (digoxin)

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are phosphodiesterase inhibitors and provide 3 examples.

A

A cardiovascular diuretic.
Aminophylline
Inamrinone
Milrinone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are cardiovascular diuretics used for?

A

Treatment of edema due to congestive heart failure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What two substances are physiologic diuretics?

A

Water

Sodium chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When is water used as a physiologic diuretic?

A

In compensated chronic interstitial nephritis of dogs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When is sodium chloride used as a physiologic diuretic?

A

Used in urolithiasis in sheep, calves and cats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 4 osmotic diuretics?

A

Mannitol
Urea
Glycerin
Isosorbide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which osmotic diuretic is the most important?

A

Mannitol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is important to note with mannitol use?

A

It is a full penetrator of membranes. If needed systemically, will be given IV, but can be given orally if needed as a laxative (can’t cross membranes in the gut lumen).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do osmotic diuretics work?

A

Loop of Henle and the proximal tubule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What gives osmotic diuretics relatively safe?

A

Causes insignificant electrolyte loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is mannitol so widely used?

A

Doesn’t creat too much of an electrolyte imbalance, doesn’t cause much dehydration or hypovolemia, and increases renal perfusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How else does an osmotic diuretic work?

A

Has an osmotic effect in the tubule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why are osmotic diuretics good to help treat cases of poisoning?

A

Less potent and causes less of an electrolyte imbalance. Important because animal will likely be V&D. Also, causes less dehydration and helps increase renal perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are 5 therapeutic uses of osmotic diuretics?

A 
Cerebral edema
Glaucoma
Acute renal failure
Mobilization of edema fluids
Drug overdoses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is the use of osmotic diuretics contraindicated?

A

In cases of generalized edema because fluid is in the interstitial space. That is where mannitol goes, so it will be counter-productive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are mannitol and urea given?

A

By IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are glycerin and isosorbide given?

A

Orally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is mannitol metabolized?

A

It’s not, because it’s not lipid soluble. Instead it is eliminated rapidly by the kidneys.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the three loop, or high ceiling diuretics?

A

Furosemide
Bumetanide
Ethacrynic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
What must you be careful of with loop diuretics?
Allergies!!! If allergic to one, may be allergic to others, and also to sulfonamides.
25
What is the mechanism of action for loop diuretics?
Inhibit the Na/K/2Cl symporter in the thick ascending loop of henle. This also inhibits the paracellular reabsorption of Na, Ca and Mg.
26
What is the most efficacious diruetic?
Loop diuretics, because ~25% of filtered Na is reabsorbed in the thick ascending loop.
27
Why are loop diuretics the most efficacious?
Because ~25% of the filtered Na is reabsorbed in the thick ascending loop.
28
What must ALWAYS be considered and monitored when using a loop diuretic?
Increasing Na in the ascending loop increases depolarization of the lumenal membrane facilitating K excretion which results in hypokalemia (BAD) and systemic alkalosis.
29
What else do loop diuretics stimulate?
The RAAS system which also contributes to hypokalemia and systemic alkalosis.
30
T/F: Loop diuretics also increase renal blood flow.
True.
32
How do loop diuretics cause a decrease in blood pressure?
They increase systemic venous capacitance via vasodilation.
33
What are two major therapeutic uses of loop diuretics?
Tx acute pulmonary edema and pulmonary congestion. | Tx of generalized edema associated with CHF, chronic renal failure and liver cirrhosis
34
What is furosemide (loop) used to treat in horses?
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage.
35
Why are loop diuretics useful in patients with acute renal failure?
Increases renal perfusion.
36
When using loop diuretics to help flush toxins out of a poisoning case, what must you be careful of?
Be careful because will cause dehydration and electrolyte depletion in an animal that is already V&D.
37
How can loop diruetics be used to tx hyponatremia?
Combined with hypertonic saline, loops will prevent kidney from producing concentrated urine.
38
What are 10 adverse effect of loop diuretics?
``` Ototoxicity Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Acute hypovolemia Hypotension Arrhythmias Hyperglycemia Hyperuricemia Systemic alkalosis Hypersensitivity in some patients ```
39
How are loop diuretics given?
Orally and IV
40
What are the pharmacokinetics of loop diuretics?
Rapid onset, short duration | Partially metabolized
41
Name 2 thiazide diuretics.
Hydrochlorothiazide | Chlorothiazide
42
How do thiazides work?
Inhibit Na/Cl symporter in DCT, resulting in inhibition of reabsorption of Na, Cl and duresis.
43
What is the efficacy of thiazide diuretics?
Moderate (5% Na reabsorbed in DCT
44
On top of inhibiting Na and Cl reabsorption, what else do thiazide diuretics do?
Inhibit K and Mg reabsorption and increase Ca reabsorption.
45
T/F: Thiazide diuretics don't cause hypokalemia and systemic alkalosis.
True.
46
What are the 3 main therapeutic uses of thiazide diuretics?
Tx of edema d/t CHF, liver, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, and acute glomerular nephritis. Tx of hypertension (alone or with other meds) Tx of nephrogenic DI and useful in central DI
47
T/F: Thiazide diuretics can help treat calcium nephrolithiasis.
True.
48
T/F: Thiazide diuretics can be used to treat udder edema in cows.
True
49
What are the 4 adverse effects of thiazide diuretics?
Electrolyte imbalances Hyperglycemia Hypersensitivity (if allergic to sulfonamides as well) Hyperlipidemia (TGs increase hypertension)
50
How are thiazide diuretics given?
Orally
51
How fast are thiazide diuretics absorbed?
Slowly, incomplete.
52
Do thiazide diuretics bind to plasma proteins?
Yes.
53
How are thiazide diuretics excreted?
Mainly by kidneys in the urine.
54
What are the 3 potassium-sparing diuretics?
Spironolactone**, Triamterene, Amiloride
55
How and where do potassium-sparing diuretics act?
Block aldosterone from binding to receptor in late DCT and collecting duct, causing excretion of NaCl and diuresis PLUS retention of K and H.
56
What is the efficacy of potassium-sparing diuretics (Spironolactone)?
Mild, only 2% of Na reabsorbed in DCT and collecting duct.
57
What are the two therapeutic uses of potassium-sparing diuretics (Spironolactone)?
Diuretic | Treatment of primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism
58
What are the 3 adverse effects of potassium-sparing diuretics (Spironolactone)?
Hyperkalemia Systemic acidosis Adverse effects of reproduction (acts of progesterone and androgen receptors)
59
How are potassium-sparing diuretics (Spironolactone) given?
Orally
60
T/F: potassium-sparing diuretics (Spironolactone) are readily aborbed, but poorly protein bound.
False, potassium-sparing diuretics (Spironolactone) are readily absorbed and HIGHLY bound to plasma protein.
61
Where are potassium-sparing diuretics (Spironolactone) metabolized?
The liver.
62
What are the onset and duration of action?
Slow onset, long duration.
63
How do potassium-sparing diuretics, Triamterene and Amiloride work?
Block Na channels in luminal membrane resulting in excretion of Na and retention of K and H.
64
What are the 2 therapeutic uses for Triamterene and Amiloride (potassium-sparing)?
Tx hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia | Ocassinoally in edematous disorders and hypertension
65
What are the 2 adverse effects of Triamterene and Amiloride (potassium-sparing)?
Hyperkalemia | Systemic acidosis
66
How are Triamterene and Amiloride (potassium-sparing) given?
Orally
67
How is Amiloride (potassium-sparing) excreted?
By the kidneys.
68
How is Triameterene (potassium-sparing) excreted?
Converted to active metabolite in the liver which is actively secreted in urine.
69
What are 4 carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
Acetazolamide Methazolamide Dorzolamide and Brinzolamide (opthalmic)
70
How do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work?
Reversible inhibition of carbonic anhydrase preventing exchange of H for Na in PCT (#1) and collecting duct (#2).
71
How do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors work in treating glaucoma?
Lowe IOP by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in the eye which decreases formation of aqueous humor.
72
What are 2 therapeutic uses for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
``` Tx of open-angle glaucoma Udder edema (Acetazolamide) ```
73
What are 6 adverse effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
``` Mild systemic acidosis Hypokalemia Hyperglycemia PU/PD Behavioural changes Pruritis of paws ```
74
How is Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) given?
Orally
75
How is Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) excreted?
Actively secreted by kidneys into the urine.
76
How are Dorzolamide and Brinzolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors) given?
Topically into the eye.
77
What is the onset and duration of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
Fast onset (~30 min) and moderate duration (4-6hrs)

Pharmacology 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions