Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology 2 > Calcium Metabolism > Flashcards

Calcium Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Where is calcium stored?

A

Bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is calcium excreted?

A

Kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is calcium absorbed?

A

GIT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How much serum calcium is bound to plasma protein?

A

~50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is calcium regulated by the body?

A

PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 major causes of hypocalcemia?

A

Parturient paresis
Parturient eclampsia in lactating bitches
Primary hypoparathyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What species do you see parturient paresis in? (2 species)

A

Cattle

Sheep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What species do you see hypoparathyroidism in?

A

Canines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What clinical signs do you see with hypocalcemia? (8 things)

A 
Hyperesthesia
Muscle tremors
Muscle fasciculations
Tetany
Hyperthermia
Bradycardia
Seizures
Pawing/face rubbing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can hypocalcemia progress to in cattle?

A

Flaccid paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two treatment goals with hypocalcemia?

A

Correct calcium deficit

Correct underlying problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are two underlying problems of hypocalcemia?

A

Primary hypoparathyroidism

Vitamin D deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two types of parenteral calcium?

A

Calcium (boro) gluconate

Calcium chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do you need to be cautious with when using parenteral calcium?

A

Potential to be caustic, NEVER give Sq/IM and still cautious with IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can happen with parenteral calcium if mixed with bicarbonate, acetate or lactate?

A

Can precipitate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 5 types of oral calcium?

A 
Calcium gluconate
Calcium proprionate
Calcium lactate
Calcium carbonate
Calcium lactate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the use of oral calcium require?

A

Requires the gut to absorb the calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What varies between oral calcium products?

A

Quantity of elemental calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What oral calcium is used in cattle?

A

Calcium proprionate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the most recommended form of oral calcium?

A

Calcium carbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What might calcium carbonate cause?

A

Alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What oral calcium is most efficient at binding dietary phosphorus?

A

Calcium acetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is calcium acetate use for commonly?

A

Used in renal disease to bind dietary phosphorus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is an indication for using oral calcium?

A 
Antacid
Phosphate binder (calcium acetate carbonate, aluminum is more common)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What do you monitor when treating with IV calcium? (3 things)
Monitor heart rate/ECG Response of clinical signs Serum calcium levels
26
What do you use for long term management of hypocalcemia?
Vitamin D
27
What are the 3 actions of Vitamin D?
Increase intestinal absorption Increase renal tubular re-absorption Increase mineral bone resorption
28
In what situation does Vit D supplementation more effective than extra calcium?
PTH deficiency
29
What are 3 things that you can use to supplement Vit. D?
Ergocalciferol Dihyrotachysterol Calcitriol
30
What is a drawback to using ergocalciferol?
Large doses are needed
31
How long to see clinical response to ergocalciferol?
5-14 days
32
What is a pro of using ergocalciferol?
Inexpensive
33
What are two pros of using dihydrotachysterol?
More potent | Activated in the liver (doesn't need PTH activation)
34
How long to see clinical response to dihydrotachysterol?
1-7 day
35
How long to see clinical response to calcitriol?
1-3 days
36
What drugs is most commonly used for primary hypoparathyroidism?
Calcitriol
37
Does calcitriol require renal activation?
No
38
What must a patient be able to absorb normally to absorb calcitriol?
Fat
39
What else is calcitriol used to help manage?
Chronic renal failure
40
Order the three hypocalcemia drugs from most to least desirable.
Calcitriol > Dihydrotachysterol (DHT) > Ergocalciferol
41
What is the acronym for what hypercalcemia causes?
HARD IONS
42
What is the H in HARD IONS?
Hyperparathyroidism (primary)
43
What is the A in HARD IONS?
Addison's
44
What is the R in HARD IONS?
Renal disease (chronic more commonly)
45
What is the D in HARD IONS?
D-vitamin intoxication
46
What is the I in HARD IONS?
Idiopathic
47
What is the O in HARD IONS?
Osteolytic disease
48
What is the N in HARD IONS?
Neoplasia (lymphoma, multiple myeloma, anal sac adenocarcinoma)
49
What is the S in HARD IONS?
Spurious/Lab errors
50
What is the most common sign of hypercalcemia?
PU/PD
51
What 2 nonspecific signs can you see with hypercalcemia?
Anorexia | Lethargy
52
What GI signs do you see with hypercalcemia?
Vomiting | Constipation
53
What other signs might you see with hypercalcemia?
``` Urinary stones (in chronic cases) Cardiac arrhythmias possible ```
54
What happens in cases of chronic hypercalcemia?
ADH antagonism at the distal tubule causing reversible, nephrogenic DI
55
What do you see in the kidneys in cases of hypercalcemia? (2 things)
Formation of calcium-containing calculi | Vasoconstriction
56
What do you see in the muscles of animals with hypercalcemia?
Depressed excitability of nervous and muscular tissue | Depressed excitability of GI smooth muscle
57
What are the two major treatment considerations?
Determine underlying cause (MOST important) | Long term management (if no underlying cause/can't be treated)
58
What are 4 short-term treatment options?
Normal saline diuresis (simplest) Furosemide Sodium bicarbonate Calcitonin
59
What are 3 long-term treatment options?
Glucocoritcoids Bisphosphonates Plicamycin (mithramycin)
60
How is saline diuresis used as a short-term treatment option for hypercalcemia? (3 things)
Corrects fluid deficits Supplements K+ Filtered Na will compete with Ca+ for tubular absorption
61
How is furosemide used as a short-term treatment option for hypercalcemia?
Inhibits Ca2+ reabsorption
62
What must you watch when using furosemide as a short-term treatment option for hypercalcemia?
Hydration | Supplement K+
63
How does sodium bicarbonate work as a short-term treatment option for hypercalcemia?
Produces an alkalosis that shifts Ca2+ toward the bound form (mild effect)
64
How do glucocorticoids (predisone, dexamethasone) work as long-term treatment for hypercalcemia? (3 things)
Reduces bone resorption Decreases GI absorption Increases renal excretion
65
What else are glucocorticoids useful for?
Vitamin D toxicity | Antineoplastic activity in lymphoma
66
What do bisphosphonates (Pamidronate, Alendronate) do as a long-term hypercalcemia treatment?
Inhibit osteoclast activity
67
What else can bisphosphonates because in?
Cancer therapy
68
How does calcitonin help with hypercalcemia? (3 things)
Tones calcium down Reduces osteoclast activity Treat cholecalciferol toxicity
69
How does Plicamycin help with hypercalcemia?
Inhibits RNA synthesis in osteoclasts
70
What do you need to be aware of when using Plicamycin?
Significant toxicity concerns
71
What are 3 other ways to treat hypercalcemia long-term?
IV Sodium EDTA (can cause renal failure) Hemodialysis Ca2+ receptor agonist
72
What will you always be monitoring in hypercalcemia patients? (5 things)
``` Serum Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Potassium Renal function ```

Pharmacology 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions