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Wills & Trusts > Distribution > Flashcards

Distribution Flashcards

1
Q

A tenet by entirety on a bank account creates what presumption?

A

A tenet by entirety on a bank account creates what presumption?

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2
Q

4 Considerations the court considers when appointing an agent

A
  1. efficiency
  2. trustworthiness and dependability
  3. level-headiness and rationality
  4. Availability and proximity
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3
Q

descent and distribution state statutes defines

A

who will take and what share of the decedent’s probate property that the individual will take when a decedent dies intestate

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4
Q

descent and distribution state statutes contains

A

disposition and administration of intestate estate

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5
Q

Intestate succession

A

the process whereby probate property is passed via intestacy

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6
Q

Intestate succession can occur for what 4 reasons

A
  1. did not create a valid will
  2. created a valid will that did not dispose of all the decedents probate property, resulting in what is known as partial intestacy
  3. created a valid will but later validly revoked the will
  4. created what purported to be a valid will but was not ultimately admitted into the probate following the decedents death.
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7
Q

heirs

A

individuals who receive property via intestate succession

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8
Q

heirs apparent

A

when a statute has a hierarchy of heirs that prioritizes certain familial relationships over others

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9
Q

heirs apparent is used only during the

A

decedents life

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10
Q

Besides who the beneficiaries and who is appointed as an agent is… Intestacy statues may also determine what 3 things

A
  1. who can challenge a will
  2. define terms used in a will
  3. offer rules for providing a share for an omitted spouse or omitted child
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11
Q

Collateral kindred examples

A

siblings, nieces, nephews, aunts, uncles, and cousins

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11
Q

ancestors typically receive

A

a share only if none of the decedents descendants survive

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12
Q

When are schemes of representation applied?

A

when multiple heirs are eligible to receive the decedents probate property

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13
Q

Under what 2 circumstances does a surviving spouse get the entire estate?

A
  1. no descendant or parent survives the decedent
    OR
  2. All the decedents surviving descendants are also the descendant’s surviving spouses AND the surviving spouse has not other descendant that has survived the decedent
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14
Q

IF:
The surviving spouse shares descendants but has other surviving descendants who are not descendants of the decedent

What does the surviving spouse get?

A

the 1st 225k plus 1/2 of any balance of the intestate

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14
Q

UPC Heirs than Surviving Spouse

If no surviving spouse…

A

the entire intestate passes to the decedents descendants, parents or other heirs

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15
Q

UPC Heirs than Surviving Spouse

If no surviving spouse… and is survived by 1+ descendants

A

part of the estate not passing to the surviving spouse passes to the decedents surviving descendants

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16
Q

How is a punitive spouse different from a common law spouse?

A

similar, but they have a good “faith belief” that they are lawfully married

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17
Q

Even when there is no right to a unmarried cohabitant to inherit under intestacy statutes, many juris allow inheritance under

A

an express written contract

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18
Q

When survived by a grandparent the intestate estate is distributed by

A

one share per
1. surviving grandparents, and
2. Deceased grandparents with one or more surviving descendent if any

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19
Q

When survived by a grandparent what are two senarios for if the deceased grandparents have surviving descendants

A
  1. The deceased grandparents descendants are also descendants of a surviving grandparent, and they have no other surviving descendants
    - the descendants are considered to predecease the decedent
  2. If two+ deceased grandparents have the same surviving descendants, and they have no other surviving descendants
    - the deceased grandparents are deemed to be deceased with a surviving descendants
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20
Q

If not survived by descendant, parent, descendant of a parent, grandparent, or descendant of a grandparent, who the survives you

A

descendants of a deceased spouse

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21
Q

ancestral property

A

property inherited from the decedents ancestors

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22
Q

What is the table of consanguinity

A

hierarchy of ancestors and collateral kindred

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23
Q

What id there is no eligible heirs for a decedents intestate estate?

A

The estate escheats to the state

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24
Q

Representation

A

Allocating shares between and among a multigenerational class of heirs

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25
Q

3 methods of representation

A
  1. Strict per stripes
  2. modern per stripes
  3. Per capita at each generation
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26
Q

Working through a representation problem tip: diagram the family tree

A
  1. identify the relationships
  2. put each heir on their proper family line AND generational level
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27
Q

Working through a representation problem tip: Verify eligibility of each potential heir

A
  1. ex. survivorship rules (ex. not stepchildren but yes to adopted children)
  2. if an ancestor is living, the ancestors descendent does not take
  3. don’t count a dead branch with no surviving descendant
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28
Q

NC presumed intent

  • share of surviving spouse
  • real property

2+ children

A

SS= 1/3

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29
Q

NC presumed intent

  • share of surviving spouse
  • real property

No children, no parents

A

SS= All

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30
Q

Descendants: marital v nonmarital children

A

There are no complete bars against nonmarital children

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31
Q

Parentage

A

Establishment of a legally recognized parent-child relationship

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31
Q

NC presumed intent

  • share of surviving spouse
  • real property

1+ parent

A

SS = 1/2

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32
Q

Uniform Parental Act: presumptions of parentage can be

A

Rebutted

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33
Q

2 US sup ct holdings on child inheritance based on marital status

A
  1. Cannot base intestate succession rights on marital status
  2. Cannot limit paternity actions to 6 years after child’s birth
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34
Q

Uniform Parental Act: when do stepchildren inherit

A

When there is no other qualified relatives and the property would otherwise escheat to the state

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35
Q

Intestacy statutes and surviving spouse’s priority

A

all juris. intestacy statutes give the surviving spouse the highest priority

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36
Q

IF:
1. no descendant or parent survives the decedent
OR
2. All the decedents surviving descendants are also the descendant’s surviving spouses AND the surviving spouse has not other descendant that has survived the decedent

What does the surviving spouse of a decadent get?

A

the entire estate

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37
Q

UPC Heirs than Surviving Spouse

If no surviving spouse or descendant… and is survived by 1+ parent… the estate is divided by what

A
  1. Each surviving parents, and
  2. deceased parents with one or more surviving descendants, if any
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38
Q

state statutes and the inheritance of a punitive spouse

A

many state statutes allow a punitive spouse to get the same amount that a legal spouse would get

39
Q

When may a unmarried cohabitant have a claim on the death of a partner

A

When there is a contract.

40
Q

UPC Heirs than Surviving Spouse

If no surviving spouse, descendant, or parent.. is only survived by the descendant of a deceased parent
- Then…

A

ntestate estate passes by representation to the surviving descendants of the decedents deceased parents

41
Q

UPC Heirs than Surviving Spouse

If no surviving spouse or descendant… and is survived by 1+ parent…

To determine whether a deceased parent of the decedent is treated as having a surviving decedent:

  • If all the surviving descendants of 1+ deceased parents are also descendants of one or more surviving parents
  • and none of the surviving descendants have any other surviving descendants
  • THEN…
A

those descendants are deemed to have predeceased the descendants

42
Q

Modern per stripes

A

division of property made at the generational level closest to the decedent that has one or more individuals who survive the decedent

43
Q

Difference between modern and strict per stripes

A
  • just where the analysis begins
  • the distribution after finding the generation where you begin remains the same
44
Q

NC presumed intent

  • share of surviving spouse
  • personal property

No child, descendant of deceased child, or parent

A

SS= everything

45
Q

What general 3 things may act as a bar to someones inheritance

A
  1. actions
  2. behaviors
  3. documents
46
Q

IF:
no descendant survives the decedent but a parent of the decedent survives

What does the surviving spouse get?

A

the 1st 300k plus 3/4 of any balance of the intestate estate

47
Q

IF:
decedent has descendants that are not descendant of the surviving spouse

What does the surviving spouse get?

A

1st 150k, plus 1/2 of the intestate

48
Q

that the decedent intends to benefit the closest to them on the family tree

A

bloodlines

49
Q

Strict per Stripes, the property is divided into shares at the

A

generational level closest to the descendant.

50
Q

Strict per stripes, what if everyone is dead at the closest level to the decedent

A

the property is still divided among them

51
Q

Strict per stripes, the number of shares are based on

A

1) how many children survive the decedent,
AND
2) how many children did not survive the decedent but has a descendant who does survive the decedent

52
Q

Per capira at each generation

how to divide the shares

4 parts

A
  1. divide the initial shares at the first generation that has 1+ surviving descendants.
    - split the shares between the surviving descendants and the deceased descendants with surviving descendants
  2. repool the deceased descendants shares
  3. split the repooled shares between the next generation
  4. repeat as needed
53
Q

4 steps to work through a representation problem

A

1) diagram the family tree
2) verify eligibility of each potential heir
3) Do all three modes of representation unless stated otherwise
4) Tally the total amount of property or shares allocated

54
Q

Working through a representation problem tip: Tally the total amount of property or shares allocated

A
  1. should always equal 1
  2. cant give out more then what the decedent owned
  3. check your math
55
Q

NC presumed intent

  • share of surviving spouse
  • personal property

1 child or descendant of deceased child

A

SS= 60k + 1/2 of pp

56
Q

NC presumed intent

  • share of surviving spouse
  • personal property

2+ children or descendants of deceased child

A

SS= 60k + 1/3 of pp

57
Q

NC presumed intent

  • share of surviving spouse
  • personal property

1+ parent

A

SS= 100k + 1/2 of pp

58
Q

NC presumed intent

  • share of surviving spouse
  • real property

1 child

A

SS= 1/2

59
Q

3 things to look at when determining the eligibility of heirs

A
  1. Survivorship
  2. Bars to inheritance
  3. Contracts/agreements
60
Q

Uniform Simultaneous Death Act (USDA)

A

Requires that the person inheriting from a decedent survive them by 120 hours (5 days)

61
Q

3 policy grounds for bars to inheritance

A
  1. Presumed to represent the descendants wishes
  2. Reflect societal disapproval
  3. Serve as a deterrent
62
Q

Most states: can someone opt out of the application of bars to inheritance

A

No most states do not allow the individual to opt out of a bar to inheritance

63
Q

3 involuntary bars

A

1) abandonment
2) killing
3) abuse

64
Q

Involuntary bar: abandonment

UPC: parent may not inherit when

A
  • their parental rights have been terminated
  • clear and convincing evidence that right before the death of the child the parental rights could have been taken due to nonsupport, abandonment, or neglect
65
Q

Involuntary bar: abandonment

some states: parent may not inherit if the parent

A

“Willfully abandoned the care and maintenance” of the child

66
Q

Involuntary bar: abandonment

Surviving spouse

A

Does not bar a surviving spouse

67
Q

Involuntary bar: killing

All states have a rule/statute named:

A

Slayer rule/statute

68
Q

How does a constructive trust work?

A

It redirects inheritance when it would be inequitable for an heir or beneficiary to inherit property (ex fraud)

68
Q

Involuntary bar: killing

UPC: someone who _____________ is considered as having predeceased the victim

A

Killed intentionally and felonoiously

69
Q

Involuntary bar: killing

Constructive trust

A

A remedial trust they may apply to prevent unjust enrichment

70
Q

Involuntary bar: killing

Manslaughter

A

Varies by juris by types and degrees

71
Q

Involuntary bar: killing

all states:

A

One who killed the decedent may not inherit

72
Q

Slayer rule bars

Slayer rule bars

A

Intestate, testate, and nonprobate succession

73
Q

types of abuse that act as an involuntary bar on inheritance

A
  1. financial
  2. physical
  3. psychological
74
Q

A voluntary bar is when

A

someone is eligible but declines to receive the property

75
Q

a voluntary bar may be done by

A

private agreement or disclaimer

76
Q

Voluntary Bar:

  • Private Agreement
  • The UPC allows…
A

competent heirs to alter their interests or shares under intestacy law or will subject to rights of creditors and taxing authority

77
Q

Voluntary Bar:

  • Private Agreement
  • in the UPS it refers to a
A

written agreement executed by all that are effected

78
Q

Voluntary Bar:

  • Private Agreement
  • What form must it be in
A

UPC: written agreement

States: varies

79
Q

Voluntary Bar:

  • Private Agreement
  • Can dispose of administration of intestate or testate estate if
A
  • there are no debts owed by the estate
  • all people beneficially entitled have agreed in writing that there should be no administrator
  • no claims due to an estate or a trustee designated to deal with such claims
80
Q

Voluntary Bar:

  • Private Agreement
  • If a person is under disability, consent is given by a
A

guardian, curator, or conservator

81
Q

Altering the distribution when a person dies intestate

A

the intestacy statute applies mechanically, courts have no judicial discretion to alter the distribution

82
Q

Voluntary Bar

Disclaimer

A

A common way to rearrange the disposition of a decedents estate

83
Q

Voluntary Bar

  • Disclaimer
  • Relation-back theory
A

The disclaiment is treated as having predeceased the decedent, so a creditor cannot reach the property

84
Q

Voluntary Bar

  • Disclaimer
  • The Relation-back theory is valid unless
A

the disclaimer is trying to avoid a federal tax lien to qualify for public assistance or medicare benefits to avoid inclusion in a bankruptcy case.

85
Q

Voluntary Bar

  • Disclaimer
  • What context does it matter when the disclaimer was made
A

if it was made before or after killing a bankruptcy case

86
Q

Voluntary Bar

  • Disclaimer
  • How most states and the UPC need it to be made
A

a signed writing that is given to the personal representative of the estate

87
Q

Voluntary Bar

  • Disclaimer
  • Timing rules:
    original UPC
    modern UPC
    Many states
A

Original - made within 16 months of death
Modern - No time limit
most states- 9 months from death or transfer

88
Q

Voluntary Bar

Disclaimer is not effective if the property was

A

accepted in any form

89
Q

Voluntary Bar

revoking a disclaimer

A

Once the disclaimer is made the decision is irrevocable

90
Q

Voluntary Bar

  • Disclaimer
  • If the property has been disclaimed the property passes as if…
A

the disclaiment has died immediately before the time of distribution

91
Q

Voluntary Bar

Contracts regarding Inheritance

A

Contracts may expand, modify, or extinguish an individuals ability to inherit property

92
Q

Voluntary Bar

  • Transfer of an expectancy:
    Until the decedent dies, a would be-heir has
A

an expectancy of an inheritance

93
Q

Voluntary Bar

For a would be -heir to get their expected inheritance, they must (what 3 things)

A
  1. survive the decedent
  2. be priority under the intestacy statutes
  3. The heirs ability must not be barred
94
Q

When the decedent makes a valid will disposing of property, or they sold off the property while living, That property…

A

is not available to be disposed of via intestacy

95
Q

Can a heir give away their expectancy?

A

Yes by releasing it to the expectancy to the decedent during the decedents lifetime
OR
may transfer the expectancy to a 3rd person by way of an assignment

96
Q

Where would a release or transfer of benefits by an heir to the decedent or 3rd party be enforced

A
  • in a court of equity, not in a court of law, provided there was adequate consideration
  • Some juris. will never enforce an assignment
97
Q

3 step process for representation of estate

A
  1. Diagram the Family tree
  2. Verify eligibility of heirs
  3. Calculate shares
98
Q

What to do before doing representation for shares

A
  1. diagram
  2. give the spouse their shares

Wills & Trusts (5 decks)

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