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Geography > Distinctive Landscapes > Flashcards

Distinctive Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are landscapes?

A

The visible features that make up the land

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2
Q

What makes a landscape distinctive?

A

Landscape elements

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3
Q

What are the four main groups of landscape elements?

A

Natural/Physical
Biological
Human
Variables

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4
Q

What are some natural/physical elements?

A

Mountains, Valleys, Coastline, Rivers, Lakes, Plains

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5
Q

What are some biological elements?

A

Vegetation, Habitats, Wildlife and Animals bred and used by Humans

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6
Q

What are some Human elements?

A

Buildings, Man-Made structures, infrastructure (roads etc.)

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7
Q

What are some variable elements?

A

Weather, Cloudscapes, smells, sounds

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8
Q

What is a natural landscape?

A

A landscape mainly without human activity

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9
Q

What is the distribution of Lowland areas in the UK?

A

Mostly south and east

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10
Q

What is the geology of lowland areas?

A

Generally softer rocks such as clay or chalk

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11
Q

What is the relief of lowland areas?

A

Flat, gentle hills

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12
Q

What is the climate of lowland areas?

A

Warmer and Drier

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13
Q

What is human activity like in lowland areas?

A

Most urban areas a here. Most factories and manufacturing industries

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14
Q

What is the distribution of Upland areas?

A

Mostly in the north and west

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15
Q

What is the geology of upland areas?

A

Generally harder rocks such as slate and granite

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16
Q

What is the relief of upland areas?

A

The land is steep

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17
Q

What is the climate of upland areas?

A

Colder and wetter (Can drop below freezing)

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18
Q

What is human activity like in upland areas?

A

Sheep farming, quarrying and tourism

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19
Q

How do glaciated areas form?

A

When powerful ice caps covered much of the UK in the last ice age

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20
Q

What are Geomorphic Processes

A

Processes that happen on the surface of the Earth and shape our landscapes.

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21
Q

What are the Geomorphic Processes?

A

Weathering, mass movement, erosion, transportation and deposition.

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22
Q

What is Mechanical Weathering?

A

The physical breaking down of rock without changing it chemically

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23
Q

What is Freeze-thaw weathering?

A

Repeated cycles of freezing & thawing of water in cracks in rocks causes expansion and contraction, eventually causing the rock to break away

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24
Q

What is Salt Weathering?

A

When seawater evaporates from cliffs, the salt is left behind. This grows, eventually breaking apart the rock.

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25
Q

What is Chemical Weathering?

A

The breakdown of rock by changing it chemically

26
Q

What is Carbonation?

A

Carbon dioxide dissolved in rainwater reacts with calcium carbonate (chalk and limestone) to form calcium bicarbonate, which is carried away by the waves

27
Q

What is Biological Weathering?

A

The breakdown of rock by living things

28
Q

What is Plant Root Weathering?

A

Roots grow into & expand within cracks in the rock, breaking them apart

29
Q

What is Weathering?

A

The breaking down of rock in its original place

30
Q

What is Erosion?

A

The wearing away and removal of rock

31
Q

What is Abrasion?

A

Rocks carried within water scrape away at the cliffs or river channel

32
Q

What is Attrition?

A

Rocks carried within water smash into each, becoming smaller, rounder and smoother

33
Q

What is Hydraulic Action?

A

Air within cracks in rock is compressed by water. When the water leaves, the air expands, creating a force which wears away the rock.

34
Q

What is Solution? (Erosion)

A

River and seawater is slightly acidic due to dissolved CO2. This can dissolve some rocks like chalk and limestone

35
Q

What is Quarrying/ Pounding?

A

The sheer force of the water wearing away rock

36
Q

What is Deposition?

A

When the river or waves leave sediment behind

37
Q

How does deposition occur in Rivers?

A

Occurs when the river loses energy and slows. When volume of water falls - When the energy falls (inside of a bend)

38
Q

How does deposition occur in Coasts?

A

Constructive waves deposit sediment Gravity settling in the water

39
Q

What is Transportation?

A

The movement of eroded material

40
Q

What is Traction?

A

When Rocks are pushed and rolled

41
Q

What is Saltation?

A

When Small particles of rock are bounced along

42
Q

What is Suspension?

A

When Fine particles are held in the water and carried

43
Q

What is Solution? (Transportation)

A

When Soluble materials are dissolved and carried

44
Q

What is Slumping?

A

When a cliff collapses on a curved path

45
Q

What is Mass Movement?

A

The movement of material downwards due to gravity

46
Q

What is Sliding?

A

When a cliff collapses on a straight path

47
Q

Where can you find Headlands & Bays?

A

Where rocks of varying resistance lie at right angles to the sea

48
Q

What rock makes up Headlands?

A

More resistant rock (Chalk and Limestone)

49
Q

What rock makes up Bays? Why?

A

Less resistant (Clay and Sand) as erosion rates are greatest at first

50
Q

What is a beach?

A

A depositional landform made of pebbles or sand found between the low-tide mark and the storm-tide mark

51
Q

How are Beaches formed?

A

They are formed by constructive waves (stronger swash than backwash so adds material)

52
Q

Why are sandy beaches flat and wide?

A

Because the weak backwash can take the fine sand particles back down the beach

53
Q

Why are Shingle beaches steep and narrow?

A

Because the weak backwash cannot take the shingles back down the beach, so they build up

54
Q

How are Cracks formed?

A

By hydraulic action

55
Q

How does a crack grow into a cave?

A

By hydraulic action and abrasion

56
Q

At what angle do wind and waves approach the shore?

A

45°

57
Q

At what angle is the swash?

A

45°

58
Q

At what angle is backwash? Why?

A

90° due to gravity

59
Q

What is a Long Profile of a river:

A

The change in gradient with distance. It starts off steep but reduces with distance from source, and has a CONCAVE profile

60
Q

What can Longshore Drift create?

A

Spits

Geography (8 decks)

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