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Geography OCR B GCSE > Distinctive Landscapes > Flashcards

Distinctive Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a landscape? [3]

Hint: What types of landscapes are there?

A
  • Landscapes are made up of all of the visible features of an area of land.
  • A landscape with more physical features is a natural landscape.
  • A landscape with more visible human features, like a town or city, it is a built landscape
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2
Q

Where are upland areas mainly distributed? Give 4 characteristics and 2 land uses. [7]

A
  • Mostly found in the North and West of the UK
  • Generally formed of harder, erosion-resistant rocks like granite or slate
  • Often steep gradient of the land
  • Cooler and wetter climate
  • Harsh climate and thin soils alllow rough vegetation to thrive
  • Used for sheep farming
  • Used for quarrying
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3
Q

Where are lowland areas mainly distributed? Give 4 characteristics and 2 uses. [7]

A
  • Mostly found in the South and East of the UK
  • Generally formed of softer rocks like clay
  • Flatter landscape with gently rolling hills
  • Warmer and drier climate
  • Vegetation grows easily in the more fertile soils, with grassy meadows and deciduous forests
  • Used for dairy and arable farming
  • Used for tourism
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4
Q

Describe and explain the distribution of Glaciated landscapes. Give 2 features. [3]

A
  • The last glacial period created ice covering areas as it thickened mostly upland and in the North-West of the UK.
  • Ice is very powerful, so it was able to erode the landscape, carving out valleys, depositing lots of material as it melted.
  • Landscapes formed by glacial meltwater and deposits extend south of this line.
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5
Q

What is igneous rock?

A

Volcanic rock made from molten material brought up to Earth’s surface and cooled into solid rock.

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6
Q

What is sedimentary rock?

A

Rock made up of broken fragments of rock worn down by weathering on Earth’s surface. It is deposited in layers.

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7
Q

What is metamorphic rock?

A

Rock folded and distorted by heat and pressure as Earth’s tectonic plates move.

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8
Q

What is mechanical weathering? Give and explain an example. [4]

A
  • The breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition
  • Freeze thaw weathering occurs in these stages:
    1. Temperature alternating above and below 0
    2. Water gets into cracks in the rock, and freezes, so it expands, putting pressure on the rock. When the water thaws it contracts, which releases the pressure on the rocks.
    3. This process is repeated, widening the cracks in the rock and causing the rock to break up.
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9
Q

What is chemical weathering? Give and explain an example. [3]

A
  • The breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition
  • Carbonation weathering occurs as follows:
    1. Rainwater has CO2 dissolved in it, which makes it a weak carbonic acid.
    2. This reacts with rock containing calcium carbonate so the rocks are dissolved by the rainwater.
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10
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

The breakdown of rocks by living things, i.e. plants growing into cracks in the rock and pushing them apart.

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11
Q

What is mass movement?

A

The shifting of rocks and material down a slope. It happens when gravity acting on a slope is greater than the force supporting it.

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12
Q

What are the two types of mass movement?

A
  • Slides: Rain saturates permeable rock, making it heavy and liable to slide, and weathering on the surface weakens the slope, which leads to landslide when combined with erosion. This is because waves erode the base of the slope, making it unstable.
  • Slumps are when material shifts with a rotation. Slides are when the material shifts in a straight line.
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13
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

When waves crashing against rock along the coast compress the air in the cracks, putting pressure on the rocks. This is repeated to widen the cracks and make bits of rock break off.

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14
Q

What is abrasion?

A

When eroded particles in the water scrape and rub against rock in the sea bed, cliff, or river channel, removing small pieces and wearing them away.

This is how most erosion occurs in rivers.

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15
Q

What is attrition?

A

When eroded particles in the water smash into each other and break into smaller fragments, rounding off their edges.

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16
Q

What is solution?

A

Dissolved CO2 makes the water slightly acidic, so the acid reacts chemically with some rocks, dissolving them.

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17
Q

What is traction?

A

When large particles like boulders are pushed along the river bed or sea floor by the force of the water.

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18
Q

What is suspension?

A

When small particles like silt or clay are carried along by the water.

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19
Q

What is saltation?

A

When pebble-sized particles are bounced along the river bed or sea floor by the force of the water.

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20
Q

What is solution?

A

When soluble materials dissolve in the water and are carried along.

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21
Q

What is deposition?

A

When material carried by sea water or a river is dropped. It occurs when water carrying sediment loses velocity so it isn’t moving fast enough and doesn’t have enough energy to carry so much sediment

22
Q

Explain the process of longshore drift. [7]

A
  • Swash carries material up the beach at an angle.
  • Backwash carries the material straight back down.
  • Backwash is weaker and so it doesn’t take a lot of material back down, meaning there is very little erosion and a lot of deposition.
  • Material is transported along the coast by this repeated process.
  • A spit is formed where longshore drift continues across a river mouth.
  • Waves push material up the river, curving the end of the spit.
  • Sand and silt are deposited by the river behind the spit.
23
Q

When does deposition occur in rivers? [3]

A

When:
- The volume of water in the river falls.
- The amount of eroded material in the water increases
- The water is shallower, e.g. on the inside of a bend
- The river reaches the sea or a lake at its mouth.

24
Q

How is a headland formed?

Give an example of a hard rock material.

Remember that this is relative.

A

Hard, more erosion-resistant rocks are slow to erode and therefore stick out amongst softer rocks.

An example is chalk.

25
Q

How is a bay formed?

Give an example of a soft, less erosion-resistant rock.

Remember that this is relative.

A

Soft, less erosion-resistant rocks easily erode and so water cuts into the landscape.

An example is clay.

26
Q

How is a cave formed?

A

When waves attack the base of a cliff repeatedly and enlarge the cracks in the headland by hydraulic action and abrasion.

27
Q

How does a cave develop into an arch?

A

When continued erosion deepends the cave until it breaks through the headland.

28
Q

How does an arch develop into a stack?

A

Erosion continues to wear away the rock supporting the arch, until it eventually collapses.

29
Q

How does a beach form? [2]

Think sand and shingle.

A

Constructive waves deposit material like sand and shingle.
- Sand beaches are flat and wide as the particles are small and weak, so backwash moves them back down, creating a long, gentle slope.
- Shingle beaches are steep and narrow; shingle particles are large and the weak backwash can’t move them back down the beach. These particles build up and create a steep slope.

30
Q

How do V-shaped valleys form? [4]

This is the upper course of a river.

A
  • Fast-flowing water following heavy rain and high turbulence causes loose rough particles and boulders to be transported by the river and scraped along the river bed.
  • This causes downwards erosion of the river channel by abrasion.
  • The valley sides are exposed to weathering. The weathered material that falls down the valley sides into the river channel causes further abrasion.
  • The river doesn’t have enough energy to erode sideways, so vertical erosion of the river bed occurs, creating a steep V-shape.
31
Q

How do waterfalls and gorges form? [4]

This is the upper course of a river.

A
  • Where a river flows over an area of hard rock followed by soft rock, the softer rock is eroded more than the hard rock
  • This creates a step in the river, which causes more and more erosion as water passes over the step.
  • This continues until the hard rock is undercut by erosion, so it has no support and collapses
  • The softer rock is eroded by abrasion, creating a deep plunge pool, causing more undercutting, meaning the waterfall retreats, leaving a steep-sided gorge.
32
Q

How do meanders form? [4]

This is the middle course of a river.

A
  1. The current is faster on the outside of the bend because the river channel is deeper(there is less friction to slow water down)
  2. More erosion takes place on the outside of the bend, forming river cliffs.
  3. The current is slower on the inside of the bend because the river channel is shallower, so there is more friction to slow water down.
  4. More eroded material is therefore deposited on the inside of the bend, forming slip-off slopes.
33
Q

How do ox-bow lakes form? [4]

This is the middle course of a river.

A
  1. Erosion causes the outside bends to get closer until there’s only a small bit of land left between the bends(the neck of the river)
  2. When the river breaks through the neck, during a flood, deposition cuts off the meander as the water flows along the shorter course with the higher energy.
  3. The meander is cut off as it has lower energy, so deposition occurs, forming an ox-bow lake.
34
Q

How are floodplains formed? [5]

This is the lower course of a river.

A
  • The floodplain is the wide valley floor on either side of a river that occasionally gets flooded.
  • When the river floods, the water slows down and deposits the eroded material that it’s transporting. This builds up the floodplain.
  • Meanders migrate across the floodplain, making it wider.
  • Meanders also migrate downstream, flattening out the valley floor.
  • The deposition that happens on slip-off slopes of meanders also builds up the floodplain.
35
Q

How are levees formed? [4]

A
  • Levees are natural embankments along the edges of a river channel.
  • During a flood, eroded material is deposited over the whole floodplain.
  • The heaviest material is deposited closest to the river channel, because it gets dropped first when the river slows down.
  • Over time, the deposited material builds up, creating levees along the edge of the channel made of alluvium.
36
Q

What is a notable example of an arch in Swanage Bay?

A

Durdle Door

37
Q

What is a notable example of a bay in Swanage Bay?

What layers is it made of?

A

Lulworth Cove.

A band of limestone, with a layer of softer clay behind it.

38
Q

What is a notable example of a tombolo and Bar Bay in Swanage Bay?

What is a tombolo?

A

Chesil Beach. It joins the Isle of Portland to the mainland. It was formed by longshore drift.

A type of spit that extends out to an island.

39
Q

What is an example of a headland in Swanage Bay?

What is it made from?

A

The Foreland.

Harder rock; chalk.

40
Q

Discuss erosion in Swanage Bay. [4]

A
  • The cliffs backing the bay are made of clay, which is prone to erosion.
  • Towards the Northern end of the Bay, the cliffs are covered in vegetation, protecting them from weathering.
  • Elsewhere, without vegetation, rain can weaken their surfaces and can cause slumps.
  • Longshore drift carries material from South to North.
41
Q

What are groynes in terms of coastal management?

Explain, Example, Pro, Con

A

Groynes; are wooden/stone fences that are built perpendicular to the coast. They trap material transported by longshore drift, creating wider beaches and slowing the waves to prevent erosion.
Example: 2005 Swanage Beach
Good to stop loss of beach material
Bad as they starve areas down the coast of sediment, so they are narrower and more vulnerable to erosion.

42
Q

What are sea walls in terms of coastal management?

Explain+pro, Example, Con

A

Sea walls reflect waves back out to sea, preventing the erosion of the coast.
Example: Concrete sea walls along Swanage Beach
Bad because they create a strong backwash, moving sediment back out to sea and erode under the wall.
Also bad because they prevent the cliffs being eroded, so there is no new material replenishing the beach. This gradually lowers the beach level.

43
Q

What is beach replenishment in terms of coastal management?

A

It can create wider beaches, which slow the waves and protect cliffs and coastal properties from erosion.
Example: Winter 2005/2006, sand and shingle was dredged from Poole Harbour and brought to Swanage Beach
Bad because it can be expensive and requires frequent maintenance(Cost £5mil in 2005/2006)

44
Q

How is industry and tourism also shaping the landscape in Swanage Beach?

A
  • Limestone quarrying has taken place on the Isle of Portland and Chesil Beach, making large areas of rock vulnerable to erosion and weathering.
  • Up until the 1960s, gravel was removed from Chesil Beach for use in construction. It was taken faster than water could replenish, damaging the landform.
  • Tourists walk along footpaths on the clifftops, wearing away the vegetation which makes rocks more vulnerable to weathering and erosion by wind and rain.
45
Q

How does the climate and geology of the River Tees affect its geomorphic processes? [5]

A
  • Receives over 2000mm of rain yearly which can cause flooding and turbulent streams.
  • This is made worse by it’s geology; at the upper course, steeper land gradient makes it very easy for surface runoff to reach the water, meaning the river is even more prone to flooding.
  • Cross Fell in the Upper Course is mainly made up of limestone; so there is little surface water. There is also lots of chemical weathering due to the rock type.
  • However, at High Force, Dolerite impacts the rates of hydraulic action at the waterfall base.
  • The cold, wet climate in the upper course causes freeze-thaw weathering and breaks rock which ends up in the river, increasing abrasion and vertical erosion rates.
46
Q

What are the features in the Upper Tees?

A

V-shaped valley: Cross Fell
Waterfall and Gorge: High Force

47
Q

What are the features in the Middle Tees?

A

Meanders: Barnard Castle
Ox-bow Lakes: Barnard Castle

48
Q

What are the features in the Lower Tees?

A

Floodplains: Barnard Castle
Levees: Barnard Castle

49
Q

Why is Cow Green Reservoir significant as a River Management Scheme? [3]

A
  • Built in 1970 to provide water for the growing industries on Teesside.
  • It is a regulating reservoir, storing water and releasing enough in times of need for industry.
  • It can hold back water during times of flood.
50
Q

Why is the Flood Defence Scheme in Yarm significant as a River Management Scheme? [5]

A
  • £2.1mil scheme has been built
  • Improved flood warning systems with Meteorological Office, police, and emergency services.
  • Discourages building on low-lying and flood-prone land.
  • Environment Agency put in reinforced concrete walls with metal flood gates for access by cars and people. This can increase erosion levels by speeding up water, but was done to get water through the town quicker.
  • Used Earth Embankments
  • Put in Gabions to protect walls and embankments from erosion and reduce it.
51
Q

Why is cutting meanders significant as a River Management Scheme? [3]

A
  • Meanders have been cut across the Mandale Loop and the Portcrack cut, both near Stockton.
  • This shortened the river by 4km, ensuring floodwaters were moved away quickly and reducing flood risk to Stockton.
  • The river was also dredged to keep it clear of sediment and ensure large ships can accesss the industry stops in the area. Dredged material used for land reclamation.
52
Q

When was the Tees Barrage built? How much did it cost? Why was it built?

A
  • It was built in 1995
  • It cost £54 million
  • It was built to prevent flooding, particularly during high tide and storms

Geography OCR B GCSE (9 decks)

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