Distinctive landscapes

Question 1

what are the 5 types of elements in a landscape and give an example?

Answer 1

physical- mountains
water- lake
living- trees
transitory- summer
human- buildings

Question 2

what is erosion?

Answer 2

the breaking down and transport of rocks.

Question 3

what are the 4 types of erosion and how do they work?

Answer 3

corrasion- rocks hurled at the base of a cliff to break pieces apart. attrition- rocks that bash together to become smooth/smaller.
solution- a chemical reaction that dissolved rocks.
hydraulic action- water enters cracks in the cliff causing the crack to expand.

Question 4

what is relief?

Answer 4

the way the landscape changes in height.

Question 5

what is transportation?
(geographically)

Answer 5

a natural process by which eroded material is carried/transported.

Question 6

what are the 4 types of transportation and how do they work?

Answer 6

solution-minerals dissolve in water and are carried along.
suspension-sediment that is carried.
saltation-pebbles that bounce along the river.
traction-boulders that roll along a river.

Question 7

how has glaciation affected the UK?

Answer 7

much of upland Britain is covered in u-shaped valleys and eroded steep mountain peaks.

Question 8

what are the 3 types of rock?

Answer 8

igneous-Volcanic/molten rock which has cooled into solid rock.
sedimentary- from broken fragments of rock.
metamorphic- rock that is distorted by heat and pressure.

Question 9

how are soils created

Answer 9

from weathered rocks, organic material and water.

Question 10

what are the stages of freeze-thaw weathering

Answer 10

1.water seeps into cracks and fractures in the rock.
2.When the water freezes, it expands, this wedges apart the rock.
3.with repeated freeze-thaw cycles, the rock breaks off.

Question 11

what is mass movement in terms of erosion?

Answer 11

a large movement of soil and rock debris that move down slopes

Question 12

what are the 3 types of weathering

Answer 12

mechanical- caused by the physical action of water, ice and wind.
chemical- action of chemicals within rain dissolving the rock.
biological- rocks that have been broken down by living organisms.

Question 13

what have humans done to the landscapes?

Answer 13

farming, infrastructure, hunting, chopping down trees

Question 14

what is decomposition?

Answer 14

when the sea or river loses energy, it drops the sand, rock particles and pebbles it has been carrying.

Question 15

what are the steps in formations of coastal stacks?

Answer 15

1.hydraulic action widens cracks.
2.abrasion forms a wave cut notch.
3.more abrasion widens to form a cave.
4.caves from both sides break through to form an arch.
5.the arch collapses due to weathering leaving a stack

Question 16

what coastal defences are there?

Answer 16

groynes- wood barriers prevent longshore drift, so the beach can build up.
sea wall- concrete walls break up the energy of the wave.
gabions- Cages of rocks/boulders absorb the waves energy.

Question 17

how does longshore drift work?

Answer 17

1.swash moves up the beach at the angle of the prevailing wind.
2.backwash moves down the beach at 90° to coastline, due to gravity.
3.zigzag movement transports material along beach and goes back.

Question 18

what is the difference between swash and backwash?

Answer 18

swash is surge of sea that goes towards the beach while backwash is water that goes back out.

Question 19

what happens at the upper course of a river?

Answer 19

near the source, the river is flows over steep gradient from the hill/mountains. this gives it a lot of energy.

Question 20

what happens at the middle course of a river?

Answer 20

here the gradient gets gentler, so the water has less energy and moves more slowly.

Question 21

what happens at the lower course of a river?

Answer 21

near the river’s mouth, the river widens further and becomes flatter. Material transported is deposited.

Question 22

what is the difference between soft and hard engineering?

Answer 22

soft is natural defences and hard is human defences

Question 23

what does an ox boy lake look like?

Answer 23

a river going straight, and underneath is a u