Distillation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the source for all distilled drinks

A

Fermentable sugars (Complex Carbohydrates)

  • if cereals are used they must first be processed to fermentable sugars (malting) -> first step during malting is the application of heat.
  • Sugar cane (molasses derived from sugar) has sugars already fermentable
  • Grape juice is readily fermentable

**Fermentable sugars come from almost all plants, amount of material needed changes. Grapes have the highest concentration of complex carbohydrates.

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2
Q

When was distillation discovered and by who?

A
  • 8th and 9th century North Africa to Spain,
  • The Moorish alchemist
  • they discovered that using heat, create steam, trap vapours, condensation
  • They thought it had medicinal qualities
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3
Q

When and how did distillation arrive in Western Europe?

A

15th-16th century:
- Distillation application to beverages
- Perfume, ethanol present and evaporation of which release the aromas suspended
in the perfumes

Start to see the first linkage to parts of Europe
i.e. Gin - Dutch,
Brandy- Netherlands,
Whiskey - Ireland/Scotland (monks of Ireland travelled and took their knowledge to Scotland)

**Traditionally, many medicines were suspended in alcohol

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4
Q

Describe Distillation

A

Boiling + evaporation = distillation

  • the wash, the alcohol/water mix (fermented beverage), boiled to produce vapour
  • Vapour is separated and trapped
  • Vapour turned back into liquid via condensation
  • Repeat this process several times
  • Different compounds evaporate at different temperatures
  • Pure alcohol boils at 78.5C - more volatile, releases faster than water
  • Congeners are also released also: role in the essential flavours.
  • white spirits (vodka) = try to have none
  • Distillation is repeated to produce purest concentration of ethanol possible
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5
Q

What are congeners?

A

Chemical compounds produced from the mash by yeast fermentation
- Congeners come to top (heads) and ends (tails) of where ethanol is released
- They are the basis for the typical tastes of the various types of brown spirit such as
whisky, dark rum and brandy.

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6
Q

Vapor into spirit notes

A
  • traditionally, distillation is in a pot still
  • Vapour captured in still, turned to liquid by cooling
  • Vapour passes through chilled copper coil
  • First distillation, we get cloudy & 27% AlcVol
  • This is low, so we distill again
  • It is cloudy becomes it contains the congeners, which are proteins coming out of the base
  • On the second distillation we get the 72% AlcVol
  • can be repeated until 97.3% ABV (SVR)
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7
Q

What is the cut?

A

The point at which the still operator changes between the different fractions of distillation.

  • The distiller knows the temperature and time for each cut for best flavor combinations -> can be done by taste
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8
Q

What are the ‘Fractions’?

A

The different flavor compounds/congeners that are released at different points during distillation.

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9
Q

Distillation ‘Cut’ Jargon

A
  • Feints & Foreshots
  • Heads
  • Hearts
  • Tails
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10
Q

How is batch distillation carried out?

A

Batch distillation is usually carried out in a simple pot still or wash still
- Batch distillation is traditionally used to produce powerfully flavoured distillates whisky, rum and brandy

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11
Q

What is the the final collected spirit from the end of the distillation called

A

‘new-make spirit’ (distinguishes it from matured spirit)

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12
Q

What is a basic pot still made of?

A

Copper

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13
Q

What is the ABV of a new-make spirit?

A

70% ABV

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14
Q

How is pot still operation carried out?

A
  • The pot still consists of a vessel or tank that has a heating system.
  • The heating is usually by steam coils or steam plates inside the pot
  • Some older systems have direct firing under the base of the pot; gas, coal, wood
  • The still has a vertical neck that bends via the Swan Neck to overhead vapor pipe.
  • The vapor pipe leads the vapor to the condenser.
  • The condenser converts the vapor to a liquid and then cools the liquid to a temperature below 20 degrees Celsius.
  • The cooled spirit is stored in the ‘Spirit Safe’
  • ‘Rumbellion’ took place because the colony was using it as a currency.
    (Pot Still diagram on slide 14 &15 of distillation slides)
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15
Q

What is rectification?

A
  • Rectification is the process of concentrating the amount of alcohol in a existing water/alcohol mixture.
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16
Q

How is Rectification carried out?

A
  • Rectification can be carried out in pot stills.
  • More distillation has to be carried out to produce spirit at 80%ABV.
  • The alcohol from the wash must be distilled three times.
  • Irish Whiskey is traditionally Triple Distilled (to remove more congeners) as is some Bourbon.
  • The spirit is said to be ‘smoother’, but some would say lacks ‘character’
17
Q

What is column distillation best suited for?

A

The design of a column still does not allow much rectification to take place.

Thus it is not suited for ‘heavy’ dark spirits.

It is suited to lighter flavored spirits such as Gin.

18
Q

When and how was the Coffey still patented?

A
  • The first well documented column still for whisky was the Patent Still invented by the Stein brothers in Scotland in 1827
  • Development was rapid in both Ireland and France
  • Demand was growing for a cheap way to produce white spirits, especially Gin.
  • Exciseman (auditor of spirit production) Aneas Coffey made some significant inprovements in his Patent Still of 1830 and development continued.
19
Q

How do column (continuous) stills work?

A
  • There is a continuous feed of wash and a continuous output of distillate.
  • Continuous supply of energy = form of steam.
  • Must be maintained in what is called a ‘steady state’
  • This means that the wash entering the column must be:
    • at a constant rate
    • at a constant temperature
    • be at the same alcohol concentration throughout the distilling rum

Note: diagram on slide 17

20
Q

What is the Role of Copper in Distillation

A

Copper has some useful properties for the distiller:

  1. Copper surfaces react with some compounds, for instance, Sulphur compounds that have an unpleasant aroma, removing them from the spirit.
  2. Copper surfaces act as a chemical catalyst, for instance simulating ester formation (‘fruitiness’) in the spirit.
  3. Copper is malleable and durable ie easily worked into a required shape and does not corrode.
  4. It has good heat conductivity.
21
Q

Bourbon Whiskey

A
  • The name derives from the French Bourbon dynasty, that gave its name to a huge area of North America that was explored by the French.
  • the distinctive “charred and caramel” flavours have much to do with the properties of new American oak that is heavily charred, even to “alligator scales” on the inside.
22
Q

What are ‘Over Proof’ Spirits?

A
  • tax/duty based on alcohol content tested with ‘burn/no burn’ test
  • if it would ignite ‘above proof’
  • if it would not ‘under proof’
  • 100 ‘break-point’
  • 100 proof is 57.15%ABV
23
Q

What changes the flavour of congener?

A

The beginning alcohol is varied, so flavour compounds are varied too

- Using different wines, beers to be distilled get different flavours 
    - Use different mash
    - Understanding what temperature and time allows us to control them
24
Q

Why don’t we discard congeners?

A

Why don’t we discard them?

- You lose volume 
- They can be good if when matured, the tails, can give good complexity 
    - Can enhance
25
Q

What is wash?

A

Wash - the term for base alcoholic beverage (mainly in production of whiskey)

26
Q

What is low wines receiver?

A

Low Wines Receiver:
Even though base beverage being from grains cause its
20%AlcVol its still known as wine