Distillation Flashcards
What is the source for all distilled drinks
Fermentable sugars (Complex Carbohydrates)
- if cereals are used they must first be processed to fermentable sugars (malting) -> first step during malting is the application of heat.
- Sugar cane (molasses derived from sugar) has sugars already fermentable
- Grape juice is readily fermentable
**Fermentable sugars come from almost all plants, amount of material needed changes. Grapes have the highest concentration of complex carbohydrates.
When was distillation discovered and by who?
- 8th and 9th century North Africa to Spain,
- The Moorish alchemist
- they discovered that using heat, create steam, trap vapours, condensation
- They thought it had medicinal qualities
When and how did distillation arrive in Western Europe?
15th-16th century:
- Distillation application to beverages
- Perfume, ethanol present and evaporation of which release the aromas suspended
in the perfumes
Start to see the first linkage to parts of Europe
i.e. Gin - Dutch,
Brandy- Netherlands,
Whiskey - Ireland/Scotland (monks of Ireland travelled and took their knowledge to Scotland)
**Traditionally, many medicines were suspended in alcohol
Describe Distillation
Boiling + evaporation = distillation
- the wash, the alcohol/water mix (fermented beverage), boiled to produce vapour
- Vapour is separated and trapped
- Vapour turned back into liquid via condensation
- Repeat this process several times
- Different compounds evaporate at different temperatures
- Pure alcohol boils at 78.5C - more volatile, releases faster than water
- Congeners are also released also: role in the essential flavours.
- white spirits (vodka) = try to have none
- Distillation is repeated to produce purest concentration of ethanol possible
What are congeners?
Chemical compounds produced from the mash by yeast fermentation
- Congeners come to top (heads) and ends (tails) of where ethanol is released
- They are the basis for the typical tastes of the various types of brown spirit such as
whisky, dark rum and brandy.
Vapor into spirit notes
- traditionally, distillation is in a pot still
- Vapour captured in still, turned to liquid by cooling
- Vapour passes through chilled copper coil
- First distillation, we get cloudy & 27% AlcVol
- This is low, so we distill again
- It is cloudy becomes it contains the congeners, which are proteins coming out of the base
- On the second distillation we get the 72% AlcVol
- can be repeated until 97.3% ABV (SVR)
What is the cut?
The point at which the still operator changes between the different fractions of distillation.
- The distiller knows the temperature and time for each cut for best flavor combinations -> can be done by taste
What are the ‘Fractions’?
The different flavor compounds/congeners that are released at different points during distillation.
Distillation ‘Cut’ Jargon
- Feints & Foreshots
- Heads
- Hearts
- Tails
How is batch distillation carried out?
Batch distillation is usually carried out in a simple pot still or wash still
- Batch distillation is traditionally used to produce powerfully flavoured distillates whisky, rum and brandy
What is the the final collected spirit from the end of the distillation called
‘new-make spirit’ (distinguishes it from matured spirit)
What is a basic pot still made of?
Copper
What is the ABV of a new-make spirit?
70% ABV
How is pot still operation carried out?
- The pot still consists of a vessel or tank that has a heating system.
- The heating is usually by steam coils or steam plates inside the pot
- Some older systems have direct firing under the base of the pot; gas, coal, wood
- The still has a vertical neck that bends via the Swan Neck to overhead vapor pipe.
- The vapor pipe leads the vapor to the condenser.
- The condenser converts the vapor to a liquid and then cools the liquid to a temperature below 20 degrees Celsius.
- The cooled spirit is stored in the ‘Spirit Safe’
- ‘Rumbellion’ took place because the colony was using it as a currency.
(Pot Still diagram on slide 14 &15 of distillation slides)
What is rectification?
- Rectification is the process of concentrating the amount of alcohol in a existing water/alcohol mixture.