Distal Hindlimb

Question 1

What makes up the stifle joint?

Answer 1

Femur and tibia

Femur and kneecap

Question 2

What articulates at the femoro-tibial joint?

Answer 2

Femoral condyles (medial and lateral) with the tibial condyles (medial and lateral)

Question 3

What is the meniscus?

Answer 3

C shaped cartilage wedge shaped attached to the tibial condyles

Question 4

What is the function of the meniscus?

Answer 4

Stabilise the stifle joint, cushioning of the joint, proprioception of the hindlimb (contains nerve endings.)

Question 5

What are the 3 types of meniscal ligaments?

Answer 5

Menisco-tibial ligament, transverse ligament, menisco-femoral ligament

Question 6

What is the role of the menisco-tibial ligament?

Answer 6

Hold the menisci onto the tibia from the mensicus to the intercondylar eminence

Question 7

What’s the role of the transverse ligament?

Answer 7

Stabilise the menisci on the cranial aspect

Question 8

What is the role of the menisci-femoral ligament?

Answer 8

Holds the femur onto the menisci via lateral meniscus to the intercondylar fossa

Question 9

What support does the collateral ligament of the stifle joint cause?

Answer 9

Holds the bones together, resists rotation and limited to flexion and extension

Question 10

Where does the collateral ligament attach?

Answer 10

Medial epicondyle of femur onto tibia, lateral epicondyle of femur onto tibia, attaches to abaxial aspects of menisci

Question 11

What are the cruciate ligaments in the stifle joint? Where do they attach?

Answer 11

Cranial cruciate ligament- intercondylar eminence to the medial aspect of lateral condyle
Caudal cruciate ligament- intercondylar eminence to intercondylar fossa

Question 12

What are the components of the femoral-patellar joint?

Answer 12

Patella to the trochlear groove of the femur

Question 13

What is the patellar ligament and where does it insert?

Answer 13

Holds the patella on, inserts onto the quadriceps on the tibial tuberosity

Question 14

How does the patella aid stifle joint movement?

Answer 14

If the patella is pulled proximally the joint will extend

If the patella is pulled dismally the joint will flex

Question 15

What support does the patella-femoral joint have?

Answer 15

Medial and lateral trochlear ridges, lateral and medial femoro-patella ligament which attaches the patella to the faballae, retinaculum (tissue fascia that wraps around the joint)

Question 16

What are the 3 compartments of the synovial joint in the stifle joint?

Answer 16

Femoro-patella, redial femoro-tibial, lateral femoro-tibia

Question 17

In which animal do all the compartments of the synovial joint communicate?

Answer 17

Dog

Question 18

On a radiograph of the stifle joint how many bones will you see for a dog or cat?

Answer 18

4 bones in a dog, 3 in a cat

Question 19

How can you tell a cat radiograph to a dog radiograph of the stifle joint?

Answer 19

Cat has a pointed patella, medial fabella usually not mineralised

Question 20

What parts of the stifle joint can you palpate?

Answer 20

Patella, patellar ligament, tibial crest, joint space

Question 21

Where is the origin, insertion and nerve innovating the sartorius?

Answer 21

O= crest of ilium (cranial part), cranial ventral iliac spine of ilium (caudal part)
Insert= patella with rectus femoris (cranial part), tibial tuberosity/ cranial border of tibia (caudal part)
Innervation= femoral

Question 22

Where is the origin, insertion and innovation of the quadriceps

Answer 22

4 heads: origin of rectus femoris- ilium, vastest lateeralis= lateral femur, vastus medial is= medial femur, vastus intermedius= cranial femur

Insert= tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament 
Innervated= femoral nerve

Question 23

What are the extensors of the stifle joint?

Answer 23

Sartorius and quadriceps

Question 24

What is the origin, insertion and innovation of the biceps femoris?

Answer 24

Origin= ishium 
Insertion= fascia latae and calcaneus via the common calcanean tendon
Innervation= sciatic nerve

Question 25

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the semitendinosus?

Answer 25

Origin: Insertion: Innervation: sciatic nerve

Question 26

What is the origin, insertion and innovation of the semimembranosus?

Answer 26

``` Origin= ischium Insert= femur and tibia Innervation= sciatic nerve ```

Question 27

What is the origin, insertion and innovation of the gastrocnemius?

Answer 27

Origin: Insertion: Innervation:

Question 28

What type of bones are in the tarsal joint?

Answer 28

Short bones

Question 29

How are the tarsus arranged?

Answer 29

Proximal row= tarsus and calcaneus Middle row= central and IVth tarsal Distal row= 1,2,3,4 tarsal

Question 30

In which animals are all the tarsal bones present?

Answer 30

Dog and pig

Question 31

What are the important features of the calcaneus?

Answer 31

Sits on the lateral- planter aspect. Calcanean tuberosity on the top= join of the common calcaneus tendon, the sustentaculum is a medial projection which allows passage for the DDFT

Question 32

What are the main features of the talus?

Answer 32

Is dorsal and medial in position, has a trochlear which is an articular surface and is made of 2 ridges and a groove

Question 33

How many joints are in the tarsus and what are they called?

Answer 33

4 Tarsal-crural joint (tarsus- crus and talus-tibia and fibula) Proximal intertarsal joint (talus and calcaneus- central & 4th tarsus) Distal intertarsal joint (central- 1,2,3,tarsals) Tarso-metatarsal joint (distal row and metatarsal bones and intertarsal joints)

Question 34

How much movement is in the Tarsus joint?

Answer 34

Lots of movement in the torso-crural joint but little in all the other 3

Question 35

What is the joint capsule like at the synovial joint?

Answer 35

Extensive Between tibia and fibula Between metatarsal bones Poor communication between compartments

Question 36

What ligaments support the tarsus joint?

Answer 36

Collateral, plantar, fibrocartligenous reinforcement of joint capsule, retinaculum

Question 37

Where are the collateral ligament of the tarsus joint?

Answer 37

Long ones- fibula to 5th metatarsal, tibia to 2nd metatarsal | Short ones- bridge the bones to each other

Question 38

Where are the plantar ligaments in the tarsal joint?

Answer 38

Calcaneus to the metatarsal bones

Question 39

What does the plantar ligament do?

Answer 39

Counteracts the pull on the calcanean tuberosity by the common calcaneus tendon

Question 40

What is the function of the fibrocartilageous reinforcement of the joint capsule in the tarsal joint?

Answer 40

Friction free surface for the passage of tendons | Passive maintenance of joint capsule