Disruptive Technologies

Question 1

What are the 5 phases of the hype cycle for emerging tech?

Answer 1

1. Innovation trigger
2. Peak of inflated expectations
3. Trough of disillusionment
4. Slope of enlightenment
5. Plateau of productivity

Question 2

Explain the Innovation trigger phase of the hype cycle for emerging tech.

Answer 2

Is the point at which a new technology arises for the first time

Question 3

Explain the Peak of inflated expectations phase of the hype cycle for emerging tech.

Answer 3

If the market begins to grasp and expand this new product or service, there is a lot of excitement from both investors and users, but that excitement eventually peaks and then fades as expectations are not met for some reason (e.g. too expensive, difficult to use, etc.)

Question 4

Explain the Trough of disillusionment phase of the hype cycle for emerging tech.

Answer 4

Many early adopters are moving away from it because they believe they were misled. Forward thinkers, on the other hand, continue to push forward by looking for ways to get over current roadblocks. At this point, few more guests may join the celebration, but not many.

Question 5

Explain the Slope of enlightenment phase of the hype cycle for emerging tech.

Answer 5

As more realistic expectations about what is possible with real-world applications are set, and as more forward-thinking companies identify actual use cases, users begin to see the benefits of using it in their daily lives, leading to further growth as potential customers realize there is no other way to do things now (due to various reasons). Here, adoption picks up until everyone who wants one has one.

Question 6

Explain the Plateau of productivity phase of the hype cycle for emerging tech.

Answer 6

When a technology becomes mainstream and reaches peak market adoption/usage rates, it stabilizes. For the most part, consumers have figured out how to best harness its virtues while minimizing its flaws. This is when it turns become a utility, and the price drops.

Question 7

What is a disruptive technology?

Answer 7

Disruptive technology is the technology that affects the normal operation of a market or a industry. It displaces a well-established product or technology, creating a new industry or market

Question 8

What is disruptive innovation?

Answer 8

Disruptive innovation “is an innovation that changes the performance metrics, or consumer expectations, of a market by providing radically new functionality, discontinuous technical standards, or new forms of ownership”.

Question 9

What are the 2 types of disruptive innovation? Explain each one.

Answer 9

1. New market innovations: create new demand for new technology, with more consumers demanding new products.
2. Low-end innovations: provide similar characteristics to existing technologies, but costs substantially less with a “good enough quality”.

Question 10

What are the 3 innovation characteristics? Explain each one.

Answer 10

1. Radical functionality: users have the ability to undertake new behaviour or accomplish new tasks.
2. Discontinuous technical standards: utilization of new materials or processes in the creation of new technologies (low-end innovations).
3. Innovation ownership: is an abstract characteristic, it does not have a physical manifestation, it influences costs, employees, and organizational performance.

Question 11

Open source licenses are new market innovations or low-end innovations?

Answer 11

Low-end innovations

Question 12

What are the four freedoms of free software?

Answer 12

• The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0).
• The freedom to study how the program works and change it so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1).
• The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbour (freedom 2).
• The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3).

Question 13

Say 12 potentially economically disruptive technologies.

Answer 13

1. Mobile internet: increasingly inexpensive and capable mobile computing devices and internet connectivity.
2. Automation of knowledge work: intelligent software systems that can perform knowledge work tasks involving unstructured commands and subtle judgments.
3. The internet of things: networks of low-cost sensors and actuators for data collection, monitoring, decision making, and process optimization.
4. Cloud technology: use of computer hardware and software resources delivered over a network or the internet, often as a service.
5. Advanced robotics: increasingly capable robots with enhanced senses, dexterity, and intelligence used to automate tasks or augmented humans.
6. Autonomous and near-autonomous vehicles: vehicles that can navigate and operate with reduced or no human intervention.
7. Next-generation genomics: fast, low-cost gene sequencing, advanced big data analytics, and synthetic biology (“writing” DNA).
8. Energy storage: devices or systems that store energy for later use, including batteries.
9. 3d printing: additive manufacturing techniques to create objects by printing layers of material based on digital models.
10. Advanced materials: materials designed to have superior characteristics (e.g. strength, weight, conductivity) or functionality.
11. Advanced oil and gas exploration and recovery: exploration and recovery techniques that make extraction of unconventional oil and gas economical.
12. Renewable energy: generation of electricity from renewable sources with reduced harmful climate impact.

Question 14

What is the blockchain technology?

Answer 14

Think of the ability to transfer ownership without an intermediary. Then think of a system that records the correlation of these transfers as time goes by, and it does so every 30 seconds (block) while ensuring correlation with the next block, and so on. This is what is meant by a “blockchain”

Question 15

What are the software systems’ integrity guaranteed by blockchain?

Answer 15

• Data integrity: the data used and maintained by the system are complete, correct, and free of contradictions.
• Behavioural integrity: the system behaves as intended and it is free of logical errors.
• Security: the system is able to restrict access to its data and functionality to authorized users only.

Question 16

Where do blockchain can be used?

Answer 16

• Payments: managing ownership and transfer of digital fiat currencies.
• Cryptocurrencies: managing ownership and creation of digital instruments of payment that exist independently from any government, central bank, or other central institution.
• Micropayments: transfer of small amounts of money that would be too costly by using traditional means of transfer.
• Digital assets: managing creation, ownership, and transfer of digital items that have value in their own right or represent valuable goods in the real world.
• Digital identity: proving identity and authentication based on unique digital items.
• Notary services: digitizing, storing, and verifying documents or contracts and proof of ownership or transfer.
• Compliance and audit: auditing business activities of people or organizations in regulated industries in an audit track.
• Tax: calculating and collecting taxes based on transactions or on sole ownership, reducing tax avoidance, or double taxation.
• Voting: creating, distributing, and counting digital ballot papers.
• Record management: creation and storing of medical records.

Question 17

What is decentralized finance?

Answer 17

In Bitcoin, you can really own and control value. You can send it anywhere in the world, and you can even keep it. People who don’t trust each other can agree on a ledger of accounts without the help of a trusted third party, like a bank. It’s open to everyone, and no one has the power to change its rules. Rules about Bitcoin, like its scarcity and openness, are written into the technology itself, so they can never be changed. It’s not like traditional finance, where governments can print money that lowers the value of your savings and businesses can close down markets. It’s not like that

Question 18

In DeFi “You hold your money”, while in traditional finance (…)

Answer 18

Your money is held by companies

Question 19

In DeFi (…), while in traditional finance “You have to trust companies not to mismanage your money, like lend to risky borrowers”

Answer 19

You control where your money goes and how it’s spent

Question 20

In DeFi “Transfers of funds happen in minutes”, while in traditional finance (…)

Answer 20

Payments can take days due to manual processes

Question 21

In DeFi (…), while in traditional finance “Financial activity is tightly coupled with your identity”

Answer 21

Transaction activity is pseudonymous

Question 22

In DeFi “DeFi is open to anyone”, while in traditional finance (…)

Answer 22

You must apply to use financial services

Question 23

In DeFi (…), while in traditional finance “Markets close because employees need breaks”

Answer 23

The markets are always open

Question 24

In DeFi “It’s build on transparency – anyone can look at a product’s data and inspect how the system works”, while in traditional finance (…)

Answer 24

Financial institutions are closed books: you can’t ask to see their loan history, a record of their managed assets, and so on

Question 25

What are NFTs?

Answer 25

They can be used to show that someone owns any kind of unique thing, like a deed for an item in the digital or real world. NFT stands for a token that can’t be used again.

Question 26

What are the 3 properties of NFTs?

Answer 26

1. Unique
2. Provably scarce
3. Indivisible

Question 27

What are Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs)?

Answer 27

Are member-owned communities without centralized leadership. A safe way to collaborate with internet strangers. A safe place to commit funds to a specific cause. A DAO is like a member-owned and operated internet-native company

Question 28

Why DAO?

Answer 28

Starting a business with someone that includes money and funding necessitates a high level of confidence in the people you’re working with. However, it’s difficult to trust someone with whom you’ve only ever communicated on the internet. You don’t have to trust anyone else in the group with DAOs; all you have to trust is the DAO’s code, which is completely visible and verifiable by anyone.

Question 29

In DAO “Usually flat, and fully democratized”, while in Traditional Organization (…):

Answer 29

Usually hierarchical

Question 30

In DAO (…), while in Traditional Organization “Depending on structure, changes can be demanded from a sole party, or voting may be offered”:

Answer 30

Voting required by members for any changes to be implemented

Question 31

In DAO “Votes tailed, and outcome implemented automatically without trusted intermediary”, while in Traditional Organization (…):

Answer 31

If voting allowed, votes are tailed internally, and outcome of voting must be handled manually

Question 32

In DAO (…), while in Traditional Organization “Requires human handling, or centrally controlled automation, prone to manipulation”:

Answer 32

Services offered are handled automatically in a decentralized manner (for example distribution of philanthropic funds)

Question 33

In DAO “All activity is transparent and fully public”, while in Traditional Organization (…)

Answer 33

Activity is typically private and limited to the public

Question 34

What is the metaverse?

Answer 34

Meta = beyond, verse = universe
Is the next generation of Internet in which users, as avatars can interact with each other and software applications in a three dimensional (3D) virtual space

Question 35

What are the properties of the metaverse?

Answer 35

• Embed and link immersive content.
• Inform, escape, tell stories.
• Venue for activities.
• Collaborate, learn, train.
• Third place” community life, social interaction, creative expression.

Question 36

Digital transformation leverages emerging or disruptive technologies. True or False

Answer 36

False

Question 37

We must disrupt our industry before someone else does. True or False

Answer 37

False

Question 38

(…) consists on data used and maintained by the system which guarantees its completeness, correctness, and free of contradictions:
a) Security
b) Behaviour integrity
c) DeFi
d) Data integrity

Answer 38

d)

Question 39

Metaverse means:
a) Information about data
b) Meta data
c) Beyond the universe
d) Meta information

Answer 39

c)

Question 40

Open source is a type of digital innovation, which corresponds to a:
a) Low-end disruptive innovation example
b) Incumbent companies business model
c) New market disruptive innovation example
d) Start-up business model

Answer 40

a)

Question 41

(…) is the technology that affects the normal operation of a market or an industry. It displaces a well-established product or technology, creating a new industry or market.
a) Free software
b) Disruptive technology
c) Open source
d) Proprietary technology

Answer 41

b)

Question 42

Free software is the same thing as open source. True or False

Answer 42

False