Dispersal

Question 1

Out of Africa Hypothesis

Answer 1

suggests that all genes in modern-day humans came out of Africa, as recently as 65,000ya when modern H.sapiens migrated around earth and replaced all other human populations

Question 2

Who left Africa first? OoA

Answer 2

Homo Erectus left first and colonised areas around 1mya

Question 3

who migrated after Homo erectus? OoA

Answer 3

H.sapiens migrated and outcompeted the old/archaic populations

Question 4

What happened when H.sapiens migrated? OoA

Answer 4

archaic population became extinct as H.sapiens were more developed and outcompeted

Question 5

how were species established? OoA

Answer 5

geographical barriers separated populations, so no gene flow occurs and speciation occurs

Question 6

Evidence for Out Of Africa

Answer 6

H.sapiens fossils found in Africa at the same time as H.erectus and H.neanderthalensis

Question 7

reasons for migration

Answer 7

more recouses, increased curiosity, improved locomotion, better equipped to exploit new land

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

end of an organism or group

Question 9

dispersal

Answer 9

process of distributing or spreading of people over a wide area

Question 10

gene flow

Answer 10

movement of alleles in to or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population

Question 11

Multi-regional hypothesis

Answer 11

suggests that modern-day humans resulted from the mixing of alleles between European, Asia, and African populations of H.sapiens and each population evolved parallel when they diverged 1.8mya

Question 12

When did H.erectus leave africa? MRH

Answer 12

1.5mya and dispersed regional populations and evolving to modern day humans

Question 13

Where did H.erectus colonise? MRH

Answer 13

Europe, Asia, Australasia, and Africa around the same time

Question 14

Is there gene flow in MRH?

Answer 14

gene flow did exist between adjacent populations and so mixing of alleles occurs, preventing speciation

Question 15

Hypothesis

Answer 15

proposed model to explain something based on evidence

Question 16

Admixture

Answer 16

mixing/moving of gene from one population to another

Question 17

reproductive isolation

Answer 17

inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, behavioural, physiological or genetic barriers

Question 18

Simultaneously

Answer 18

events occurring concurrently, side by side, at the same time

Question 19

Mitochondrial DNA

Answer 19

DNA found in the mitochondria, inherited from mother, unique and separate to Nucleus DNA. Helps to track genes through time

Question 20

Eve mtDNA

Answer 20

haplogroup/haplotype a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited from only one parent, inherited from mother. Almost identical through generations
Maternal Line

Question 21

Y Chromosome

Answer 21

only inherited from male. Not subject to independent assortment or crossing over, can help to track families back
Paternal Line

Question 22

Molecular clock

Answer 22

technique that uses the mutation rate to understand how related DNA is, and therefore how related the life forms are
mtDNA and Y chromosome DNA

Question 23

How do mutations show pathway across planet

Answer 23

Eve mtDNA accumulates mutations that show a pathway across the planet
Mutations found across multiple populations