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ALHT210 > Disorders of Transmission > Flashcards

Disorders of Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of the CNS?

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. cerebellum
  3. brainstem
  4. spine
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2
Q

what are the components of the PNS?

A
  1. cranial nerves
  2. spinal / peripheral nerves
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3
Q

Components of the Peripheral nervous system (PNS) –> systems

A
  1. autonomic NS –> para / sympathetic NS
  2. somatic NS –> motor peripheral nerves / sensory peripheral nerves
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4
Q

What is the function of a neuron?

A

to generate and conduct electrical impulses which are used to communicate across the body

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5
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

receive info from other neurons & take it to soma

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6
Q

What is the nucleus of a neuron in?

A

cell body / soma

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7
Q

What does the axon do?

A

transmits info away from the nucleus

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8
Q

Components of a neuron?

A
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • myelin
  • soma
  • pre- synaptic terminals
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9
Q

What are the types of neurons?

A
  1. multipolar
  2. bipolar
  3. unipolar
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10
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

typical multipolar neuron

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11
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

typical special sensory neuron

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12
Q

What is a unipolar neuron?

A

typical somatosensory neuron

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13
Q

Where are multipolar neurons situated mostly?

A

spine

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14
Q

Where are bipolar neurons situated mostly?

A

eyes & nose

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15
Q

Where are unipolar neurons situated mostly?

A

from periphery to spinal cord

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16
Q

Defining feature of a multipolar neuron?

A

dendrites attach to the soma

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17
Q

Defining feature of a bipolar neuron?

A

1 dendrite & 1 axon attached to soma

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18
Q

Defining feature of a unipolar neuron?

A

peripheral axon attaches to the central axon and the soma is ‘outside’ it. i.e. hangs off the axons

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19
Q

In the BRAIN - is grey matter or white matter lateral?

A

Grey

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20
Q

What is grey matter made up of in the brain?

A

neuronal cell bodies & dendrites

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21
Q

What is white matter made up of in the brain?

A

axonal bodies & myelin

22
Q

In the BRAIN - is white matter lateral?

A

nah medial

23
Q

Ganglia definition

A

collections of cell bodies OUTSIDE the CNS

24
Q

Nuclei definition

A

collections of cell bodies WITHIN the CNS

25
Q

What are the stages of AP propagation by neurons?

A
  1. resting potential
  2. slow depolarisation
  3. fast depolarisation
  4. repolarisation
  5. hyperpolarisation
26
Q

What happens in the Resting Potential stage of AP propagation?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are CLOSED

27
Q

What happens in the Slow Depolarisation stage of AP propagation?

A

Local potentials summate to depolarise the membrane.
Voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels remain CLOSED

28
Q

What happens in the Fast Depolarisation stage of AP propagation?

A

when the summation of local potentials (part B) reaches a threshold potential, voltage-gated Na+ channels OPEN and Na+ rushes in.
Membrane quickly depolarises to a positive membrane potential.

29
Q

What happens in the repolarisation stage of AP propagation?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels = inactived.
Many voltage-gated K+ channels are OPEN, K+ exits, taking positive charges out of the axon

30
Q

What happens in the hyperpolarisation stage of AP?

A

Voltage-gated K+ channels remain OPEN.
K+ continues to leave the axon, restoring the polarised membrane potential.

31
Q

What is an AP?

A

electrical signals that propagate along axons

32
Q

When does an AP result?

A

if the reduction of the resting membrane potential reaches threshold

33
Q

What is myelin produced by in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

34
Q

What is myelin produced by in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

35
Q

What does myelin do?

A

insulates & speeds up the conduction of the AP along the axon

36
Q

Which areas of the axon does the AP jump to?

A

Node of Ranvier (areas between Myelin)

37
Q

What happens at a synapse?

A

info = transmitted from one neuron to a another/ neuron to muscle

38
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

chemical released from an axon terminal

39
Q

What does the neurotransmitter act on ?

A

postsynaptic membrane

40
Q

What can neurotransmitters be?

A
  1. inhibitory
  2. excitatory
41
Q

What is an EXCITATORY neurotransmitter?

A

binding of the neurotransmitter causes depolarisation of the post-synaptic membrane –> if threshold met, AP will generate –> INFO = PROPAGATED DOWN AXON

42
Q

What is an INHIBITORY neurotransmitter?

A

binding of the NT causes further polarisation of the post-synaptic membrane –> membrane moves away from threshold and so reduces the chance of an AP occurring –> INFO STOPS

43
Q

What is a CONVERGENCE neuron?

A

Can have multiple neurons converging with a single neuron (3 neurons into 1 neuron)

44
Q

What is a DIVERGENCE neuron?

A

Single neuron synapses with multiple neurons (1 neuron into 3 neurons)

45
Q

Are neuromuscular junction neurotransmitters excitatory or inhibitory?

A

ALWAYS EXCITATORY

46
Q

What are the conditions that affect neurotransmission?

A
  1. Multiple Sclerosis
  2. Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)
  3. Myasthenia Gravis
  4. Botulinum Toxin
47
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

oligodendrocytes destroyed –> signals travel slowly / dont make it to the end of the neuron

48
Q

What is GBS?

A

schwann cells destroyed so signal doesn’t make it to end of axon

49
Q

What type of conditions are Myasthenia Gravis (MG) and Botulinum Toxin?

A

synaptic dysfunction conditions

50
Q

What happens in Myasthenia Gravis (MG)?

A

abnormal immune response leads body to destroy Ach receptors on muscle fibres @neuromuscular junction –> antibodies bind to Ach receptors

51
Q

What happens in Botulinum Toxin (BTX)?

A

acts on vesicles holding Ach in pre-synaptic neuron and prevents Ach from being released –> no muscle fibre contraction

ALHT210 (7 decks)

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