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D&D Final > Disorders of the Skeletal System : Trauma, Infection, Neoplasms, Childhood Disoders > Flashcards

Disorders of the Skeletal System : Trauma, Infection, Neoplasms, Childhood Disoders Flashcards

1
Q

How are bones Classified? What are they?

A

by shape and size

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular

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2
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

support
help determine our size and proportion
protection
Metabolic Function (hematopoiesis and Calcium storage)

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3
Q

Bone are made of

A

living connective tissue

intracellular matrix made of collagen fibers and calcium phosphate salts and together they form a rigid structure

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4
Q

Describe the shape of Long Bones and give examples.

A

hollow shaft and two bulbous ends

humerous, radius, ulna, femur, metacarpals, metatarsals, clavicles

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5
Q

Describe the shape of Short Bones and give examples.

What are the function of Short Bones?

A

square (as wide as they are long)
ankles and wrists (tarsals and carpals)

function: to support, add stability don’t have movement

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6
Q

Describe the shape of Flat Bones and give examples.

A

thin and curved

the bones of the skull

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7
Q

Describe the shape of Irregular Bones and give examples.

A

vary in shape
often have projections

mandible, vertebrae

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8
Q

Articulation

A

between bones, forming a joint

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A

Synarthroses
Ampiarthroses
Diarthroses

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10
Q

Synarthroses

A

immovable moveable joints

Ex: sutures in the skull

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11
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

slightly moveable joints, connection with cartilage

Ex: junction between ribs and sternum

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12
Q

Diarthroses

A

freely moving joints

most common type

Ex: knees elbows

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13
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle

A

movement (by muscle contraction)
body position and tone (constant partial muscle contractions)
Stabilization (helps prevent excessive movements)
temperature (heat produced by muscle contraction)

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14
Q

tendons

A

attach muscle to bone

composed of collagen fibers arranged in bundles

cant stand significant stress

little blood supply

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15
Q

Ligaments

A

attach bone to bone

little blood supple

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16
Q

skeletal muscles are…

A

voluntary muscles

bundles of muscle fibers covered in connective tissue

involuntary…with out deliberate intent (happening without thinking about it but still voluntary… respiratory movement, postural adjustments, blinking eyes, shivering, facial expressions)

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17
Q

Why is recovery for damaged ligaments and tendons slow?

A

lack of blood supply

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18
Q

contusion

A

bruise

generally from direct trauma

true disability isn’t usual, it just hurts

skin intact, swelling

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19
Q

muscle bruising

A

deeper injury, more force required to get bruising here

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20
Q

ecchymotic area

A

bruise

microscopic rupture of blood vessels

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21
Q

Hematoma

A

larger area of local hemorrhage

can push on nerve endings, more pain

“blood blister”

longer to heal

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22
Q

Strain

A

partial tear in muscle or muscle tendon union , often from a sudden stretch
inflammation at site of injury, as it repairs itself it will form fibrous tissue (scar)

presents with pain, more with stretch, stiff, swelling

more common in middle age adults because they have less elasticity

common places : lower back, shoulders

athletes: quadriceps and hamstrings

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23
Q

Sprain

A

involve ligaments
S/S resemble a strain
but pain and swelling subsides more slowly

abnormal or excessive movement of joint

ankles, knees elbows

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24
Q

dislocation

A

displacement of the articulating surfaces (joints) where the bone ends and the joint are partially in contact

S/S: pain and deformity , limited movement

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25
shoulder
one of the largest and most complex joints in the body ball in socket humerous fits loosely in shoulder giving wide range of motion and move vulnerable to injury
26
rotator cuff
collection of muscles in the shoulder | gives support allowing for wide ROM
27
bursa
a small sac of fluid that cushions and protects the tendons
28
4 muscles of the rotator cuff
Supraspinatous muscle Subscapularis Muscle Infraspinatous muscle Teres Minor Muscle
29
what is the rotator cuff vulnerable to?
Fractures, dislocations, degenerative processes (more we move)
30
Rotator Cuff injuries commonly result from
excessive use, a direct blow or stretch injury usually involving throwing, swinging
31
acromioclavicular joint
a common site of sprains in athletes and physically active persons usually Injured by Direct Blow falling on outstretched arm or elbow
32
glenohumoral
one of the most commonly displaced joint Usually injured by stretch hurt by being abducted and forcefully extended
33
knee injuries
common site of injury, esp with sports repetition leads to degenerative joint disease
34
ligament injuries
most serious forceful stress against the knee "popping" sound, tearing, sudden pain, cant bare weight, can hemorrhage
35
Meniscus
C shaped cartilage between the condyle of the femur and the tibia major role player in weight baring, shock absorbing, stabilizing the knee and assists with lubrication
36
how do we injure meniscus
rotational injuries..... | often in conjunction with something else
37
Subluxation
incomplete or partial dislocations ex: young kids who dislocate the patella
38
Hip injuries
dislocation of the femoral head - the femoral head is displaced from the acetabulum often from severe trauma knee being struck while hip and knee in FLEXED position (sitting driving..and *POOF*..car wreck... ouch! the dashboard hit my legs and dislocated my hip! call the ambulance!) S/S pain, shortening of leg, limited mobility,cant put weight on it High Risk: Osteoporosis
39
Why is hip dislocation serious
great pressure put on vasculature
40
whose at risk for breaking hip
osteoporosis (esp post menopausal women) older people (falls)
41
How are fractures classified?
classified by location, direction of the fracture line and type - open/closed - complete/incomplete - pathological stress - characteristics of fracture pieces
42
Important factor of fractures...
open versus closed
43
what are you at risk for with open fractures?
infection (not a sterile environment)
44
complete versus incomplete fractures
complete- bone all the way broken incomplete - cracked
45
cast used with what kind of fractures
incomplete fractures
46
Pathological Stress Fractures
disease process that weakens area of the bone, cancers, osteoporosis and Degenerative bone diseases can get stress fractures in the spine
47
Manifestations of fractures
numbness and tingling if there is nerve damage (could be localized right after injury esp. closed although we don't know why) pain, tenderness, swelling open will have bleeding, closed will have bruising crepitus- grinding of bone on bone, grading DEFORMITIES - long bone angulation, rotation, shortening
48
crepitus
grading of bone against each other
49
Simple fracture
closed
50
Compound fracture
open risk of infections
51
Why do we take Xrays?
to see what the chips look like (complete versus incomplete)
52
complete
fragments are separated
53
incomplete
bone fracutres are partially joined
54
greenstick
young soft bone partially bends and partially breaks why kids end up with casts a lot of times
55
linear fracture
parallel to the bones long axis
56
transverse fracture
across | at right angle
57
Spiral Fracture
from twisting force
58
Comminuted Fracture
broken into several pieces (crumbly), hard to repair
59
Impacted Fracture
bone fragments drive into each other lots of force (*POOF*)
60
Compression Fracture
due to osteoporosis, tumors
61
how do bones heal themselves?
- After fracture hematoma forms in the area of injury -Bleeding into area and forms a clot inbetween the two pieces - Then a fibrin mesh seals off fracture site - New capilarries forms granulation tissue - Start to get fibroblast and bone marrow invades this area which forms a fibrocartiligenous callus ---soft but bridges two parts together - Fibrocartiligenous callous turns from soft to hard - During remodeling damage parts of the bone will be removed and eventually replaced with spongy bone material
62
hematoma
must form before anything else happens
63
Fibrocartiliginous
soft callus
64
What does healing depend on?
fracture its self( how bad where) how well hematoma forms stability
65
How does healing of a broken bone in a child differ from the healing of a broken bone in an older adult?
in a child it will occur faster (4-6 weeks) than with that of an adult (10-18 weeks)
66
When does function return
after 6 months after union is complete
67
How can they tell in child abuse cases if there have been fractures
because of the scar tissue on the bone
68
Malunion
heal with a deformitiy when you don't go to the hospital
69
Delayed
failure of it to unite within a decent time frame b/c of complicated fracture, infection
70
nonunion
failure to it to repair
71
What are the factors that can affect bone healing
malunion, delayed union, nonunion, fracture blisters
72
Compartment syndrome
usually in long bones... increased risk of pressure vasculature is impeded (patient will complain of ...can't feel my toes, discomfort, loss of sensation) death of muscle tissue nerves EMERGENCY
73
long bone fractures are at a greater risk for
increased pressure in fixed places
74
What do we check for with fracture patients?
capillary refill....sensation (numbness, tingling)
75
how fast can necrosis start?
as little as four hours after pressure increases
76
What do they do for compartment syndrome
cut open to relieve pressure on vasculature
77
How else can we get compartment syndrome?
casts and dressings that are too tight
78
Bone infection
with open fracture surgery (think about infections here too)
79
Osteomallitis
Bone infection can also be caused by bone marrow ischemia hard to get rid of people with bone infections usually get central lines.
80
Neoplasms
benign - slow, don't metabolise can weaken bones resulting in stress fragment maligmnet (osteosarcoma)
81
osteosarcoma
worst malignant, most trestment, usually in lower leg and knee
82
Ewing sarcoma
teenage years usually in femur
83
Condrasarcoma
second most common of the bone cancer where the muscles attach to the bone
84
Metastatic bone disease
cancer from somewhere else, most often with breast and prostate cancers

D&D Final (6 decks)

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