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Orthopathology > Disorders of the Cervical Spine, Nerve Tissue Properties, Injury and Healing > Flashcards

Disorders of the Cervical Spine, Nerve Tissue Properties, Injury and Healing Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral Nerves have the ability to __________

A

Regenerate

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2
Q

Nerves have layers of tissue surrounding them, they are… (7)

A 
Epinerium
Perinerum 
Facile
Nerve Fibers
Enduneurium
Myelin Sheath
Axon
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3
Q

Epineurim?

A

Surrounds the nerve itself

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4
Q

Perineurium?

A

Around the Fascile

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5
Q

Endineurium

A

Around the nerve Axon

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6
Q

A motor neuron fiber’s axon transmits signals to a ______ or a _______

A

Muscle

Gland

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7
Q

Neurons become stimulated at the ______

A

Dendrites

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8
Q

Neurons possess structures that allow for the transmission of impulses and are composed to two parts …

A
  1. Receiving structures

2. Conducting Structures

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9
Q

What are the receiving structures?

A

Cell Body

Dendrites

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10
Q

What are the conducting structures?

A

Axon

Axon Terminals

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11
Q

Signals from the brain are passed on to the muscles in the limbs by what motor neurons?

A

Cell Body > Dendrites > Axons > Axon Terminals

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12
Q

What is the pathway for a Motor Signal?

A

Sensation > Central Nervous System > Muscles & Glands

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13
Q

How is sensation information transmitted?

A

Sensory Nerve Fibers- Afferent from the CNS

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14
Q

How are Muscles & Glands Stimulated?

A

Motor Nerve Fibers- Efferent from the CNS

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15
Q

When painful stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor of the skin (__________), the information is transmitted to the ________

A

Afferent

CNS

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16
Q

Once the sensory signal has been received by the CNS, another signal is then sent from the brain (_________) and passed along the motor neurons in order to move the muscles in response to painful stimulus

A

Efferent

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17
Q

What is the normal function pathway of the peripheral nervous system? (5)

A
  1. Stimulus Sensation
  2. Sensory Neuron
  3. CNS
  4. Motor Neuron
  5. Response: Muscle
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18
Q

What happens when the nerve is affected or cut?

A

There will be no function of that nerve

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19
Q

When the axon is separated from the body, there will be degeneration of the _____ and the degeneration will stop at the __________ and will not travel to the next neuron

A

Axon

Synapse

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20
Q

Regeneration of the peripheral nerve is possible when all events of regeneration occur around the ______ when the nerve is cut

A

Axon

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21
Q

During nerve injury, the _____ will Generate and the ________ will have Wallerian Degeneration

A

Proximal Stump

Distal Stump

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22
Q

During nerve injury, the proximal stump will generate and the distal stump will have _________

A

Wallerian Degenration

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23
Q

________ dispose of the degenerated axon and myelin sheath

A

Macro-phagocytes

24
Q

Peripheral nerves have ________ and ________ that help in regeneration

A

Schwann Cells

Endoneurium

25
Q

_____ cells grow into the cut area and joint at the two ends

A

Schwann Cells

26
Q

During nerve regeneration, the entire axonal material is ___________ form the site of the injury to the endplate.

A

Phagocytize

27
Q

During nerve regeneration, A new generated _______ sprouts and grows to reestablish the connection for reaching its target

A

Axon

28
Q

The neuron is able to survive and regenerate after the axon has been cut with neuronal survival and ___________ degeneration

A

Wallerian

29
Q

The Wallerian degeneration typically arises from severe nerve injury such as _________ or _________

A

Axonotmesis

Neurotmesis

30
Q

During Wallerian Degeneration, the cell body increase in ______ with migration of the nucleus towards the cell periphery

A

Size

31
Q

After the increase in size during wallerian degeneration, the cell body enlarges for approximately _____ days and remains enlarged until axon regeneration is complete

A

20 days

32
Q

during Wallerian Degeneration, in the proximal part of the nerve segment, degeneration can occur and it is proportionate to the severity of the injury. Degeneration extends proximally to the next ___________

A

Node of Ranvier

33
Q

During later stages, Wallerian Degeneration is seen in the _______ portion of the nerve fiber

A

Distal

34
Q

After Wallerian Degeneration, there is synthesis of ________

A

Growth Promoting Molecules

35
Q

During the synthesis of growth promoting molecules, axonal degeneration is followed by degradation of the ______ and infiltration by __________

A

Myelin Sheath

Infiltration by Macrophages

36
Q

During Synthesis of growth promoting molecules, The macrophages are accompanied by __________ which clear the debris from degeneration

A

Schwann cells

37
Q

During Synthesis of growth promoting molecules, you will find Schwann cells proliferate and the axon _________ and advance

A

Sprouts (Finger like growths)

38
Q

During Synthesis of growth promoting molecules, what is the advance rate of axon sprouting?

A

1mm per day

39
Q

During Synthesis of growth promoting molecules, what will be noted with the muscles integrity?

A

It will be atrophied

40
Q

During Synthesis of growth promoting molecules, after axon sprouting, what will occur?

A

Regeneration
And
Remyelation

41
Q

During Regeneration and Remyelation, axonal growth is seen and the __________ is reestablished with the muscle appearing a bit healthier,

A

Connection

42
Q

During Regeneration and Remyelation, when the axon fails to establish continuity, a ________ formation will be seen with no regeneration of the axon distally

A

Neuroma

43
Q

During Regeneration and Remyelation, after neuroma formation, what will the integrity of the muscle look like?

A

Atrophied muscle

44
Q

What are the 3 types of Nerve Damage?

A

Type 1: Neurapraxia
Type 2: Axonotmesis
Type 3: Neurotmesis

45
Q

What is Neurapraxia?

A

Prognosis is good with Neurapraxia, and its mildest for of nerve injury and the nerve remains intact

46
Q

What is Axonotmesis?

A

Injury is severe. the axon is damaged and the surrounding connective tissue remains intact There will be partial or complete recovery of the nerve and Wallerian degeneration occurs distal to the injury site. recovery occurs 1mm per day or 1 inch per month

47
Q

With Axonotmesis, Where doe sWallerian Degeneration occur?

A

Distal to the injury site

48
Q

With Axonotmesis, what is the recovery rate?

A

1mm per day or 1 inch per month

49
Q

What is Neurotmesis

A

No Recovery, Fibrillation is still present and the injury usually requires surgery.
Motor neuron unit potential is usually absent

50
Q

In Neurotmesis, there will be degradation and ________ formation

A

Neuroma

51
Q

With nerve injury, what happens to EMG activity?

A

Fibrillation will be noted

52
Q

For EMG and nerve excitability, what type of motor activity is good?

A

Polyphasic motor activity

53
Q

When is polyphasic motor activity noted in the nerve regeneration phase?

A

During Reinnervation when axon sprouting is reestablished of connection

54
Q

If the gap between the proximal and distal stumps are too wide or scare tissue has formed, what is the solution?

A

Surgery that guides the sprouts back to the tube.

55
Q

What are the factors favorable to nerve recovery after repair? (6)

A
  1. younger age of the patient
  2. Distal Injury
  3. No Significant Delay in Repair
  4. Sharp Cuts Are Better Than a Crush
  5. Vascularity is Preserved
  6. Favorable Orientation of the Nerve in Epieneural repair

Orthopathology (5 decks)

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