Disorders of the Blood Introduction

Question 1

What are the 3 functions of the blood?

Answer 1

• Transport nutrients
• Transport host defences
• removal of waste

Question 2

What procedure can be used to separate the contents of a blood sample?

Answer 2

Centrifugion

Question 3

What are the 3 layers of centrifuged blood sample?

Answer 3

• Bottom layer: RBCs (45%)
• Buffy layer (middle): WBCs and platelets
• Top layer: Plasma

Question 4

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 4

Carry oxygen.

Question 5

What is the function of white blood cells and platelets?

Answer 5

Host defenses and repair.

Question 6

What is the function of plasma?

Answer 6

Transport of nutrients and medicines

Question 7

What are the 5 constituents of blood?

Answer 7

1. Cell component: RBCs, WBCs, platelets.
2. Plasma Proteins: albumin, globulin, fibrinogens, others.
3. Lipids
4. Nutrients
5. Water

Question 8

What are the proteins (3+) included in plasma?

Answer 8

Albumin, globulin, fibrinogens, others.

Question 9

What are the 5 categories of information given in a FBC?

Answer 9

Full blood count:
- RBCs (red blood cells)
- WCC (white cell count)
- PLT (platelets)
- HCT (haematocrit)
- MCV (mean cell volume)

Question 10

What does HCT stand for? What is it?

Answer 10

Haematocrit - ratio of cells to liquid in the blood.

Question 11

What does MCV stand for? What is it/

Answer 11

Mean cell volume - volume of the average red blood cell.

Question 12

What is anemia?

Answer 12

low level of Hb in the blood (does NOT give info about low RBCs).

Question 13

What is leukopenia?

Answer 13

low WCC.

Question 14

What is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 14

low platelet count.

Question 15

What is pancytopenia?

Answer 15

all cells reduced

Question 16

What is polycythemia?

Answer 16

raised Hb (with or without raised RBCs)

Question 17

What is leukocytosis?

Answer 17

raised WCC – normal when the body is fighting infection.

Question 18

What is thrombocythemia?

Answer 18

raised platelets – can be reactive change to damage in the body

Question 19

In the case of anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and pancytopenia, what does reduction in ONE of these values suggest? What about multiple?

Answer 19

o One = reactive change to the environment
o Multiple = bone marrow failure (problem with production of cells).

Question 20

In the case of polycythemia, leukocytosis and thrombocythemia, , what does reduction in ONE of these values suggest? What about multiple?

Answer 20

o One = reactive change OR pre-neoplastic (pre-cancerous).
o Multiple = pre neoplastic (precancerous) – MYELODYSPLASIA.

Question 21

What is the term given when more than one of the following (leukocytosis, polycythemia, thrombocythemia) are found in a person

Answer 21

MYELODYSPLASIA.

Question 22

What is myelodysplasia?

Answer 22

A pre-cancerous/ pre-neoplastic change in the blood components.

Question 23

What is the word give for RAISED hemoglogin?

Answer 23

Polycythemia

Question 24

What is the term given for RAISED WCC?

Answer 24

Leukocytosis

Question 25

What is the term given for RAISED platelets?

Answer 25

Thrombocythemia.

Question 26

What are the two types of blood malignancy?

Answer 26

- **Leukaemia**: neoplastic proliferation of WBCs, usually DISSEMINATED. - **Lymphoma**: neoplastic proliferation of WBCs, usually a SOLID TUMOR.

Question 27

neoplastic proliferation of WBCs, usually a SOLID TUMOR.

Answer 27

Lymphoma

Question 28

neoplastic proliferation of WBCs, usually DISSEMINATED.

Answer 28

Leukaemia

Question 29

What two stem cells arise from a pluripotent stem cell during haemopoietic development?

Answer 29

Myeloid stem cell, lymphoid stem cell.

Question 30

What cell types does a lymphoid stem cell give rise to?

Answer 30

- LEUKOCYTES/ WBCs: NK cells, T cells, B cells.

Question 31

What cell types does a myeloid stem cell give rise to?

Answer 31

- Red blood cells/ erythrocytes. - Platelets/ megakaryocytes - MENB: monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils.

Question 32

What is another name for platelets?

Answer 32

Fragments from MEGAKARYOCYTES.

Question 33

What is another name for WBCs?

Answer 33

Leukocytes

Question 34

What is another name for RBCs?

Answer 34

Erythrocytes.

Question 35

What suggests a blood cancer may be more aggressive?

Answer 35

The earlier in the cell line a neoplastic change occurs, the more potentially aggressive the malignancy.

Question 36

How can lymphoma and leukaemia be further categorized/ subdivided?

Answer 36

- Chronic vs acute - Myeloid vs lymphoid

Question 37

What is prophyria?

Answer 37

- Abnormality of haem metabolism.

Question 38

What are the two main TYPES of porphyria?

Answer 38

1. Hepatic porphyrias. 2. Erythropoietic porphyrias.

Question 39

What type of porphyria is particularly relevant to dental practice?

Answer 39

Acute intermittent porphyria - Any patient group. - Triggered by medicines including LA.

Question 40

How do you treat a porphyria patient on dental clinic?

Answer 40

ALWAYS SEEK ADVICE FROM PHYSICIAN BEFORE TREATING PORPHYRIA PATIENT.

Question 41

What are the clinical effects seen in a porphyria patient?

Answer 41

- Photosensitive rash (any time) - During acute attacks: sensory and motor changes, seizures, autonomic disturbances (HYPERTENSION, TACHYCARDIA). Can be FATAL