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Module 5 - Haematology > Disorders of the Blood Introduction > Flashcards

Disorders of the Blood Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the blood?

A
  • Transport nutrients
  • Transport host defences
  • removal of waste
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2
Q

What procedure can be used to separate the contents of a blood sample?

A

Centrifugion

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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of centrifuged blood sample?

A
  • Bottom layer: RBCs (45%)
  • Buffy layer (middle): WBCs and platelets
  • Top layer: Plasma
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4
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen.

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5
Q

What is the function of white blood cells and platelets?

A

Host defenses and repair.

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6
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Transport of nutrients and medicines

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7
Q

What are the 5 constituents of blood?

A
  1. Cell component: RBCs, WBCs, platelets.
  2. Plasma Proteins: albumin, globulin, fibrinogens, others.
  3. Lipids
  4. Nutrients
  5. Water
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8
Q

What are the proteins (3+) included in plasma?

A

Albumin, globulin, fibrinogens, others.

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9
Q

What are the 5 categories of information given in a FBC?

A

Full blood count:
- RBCs (red blood cells)
- WCC (white cell count)
- PLT (platelets)
- HCT (haematocrit)
- MCV (mean cell volume)

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10
Q

What does HCT stand for? What is it?

A

Haematocrit - ratio of cells to liquid in the blood.

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11
Q

What does MCV stand for? What is it/

A

Mean cell volume - volume of the average red blood cell.

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12
Q

What is anemia?

A

low level of Hb in the blood (does NOT give info about low RBCs).

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13
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

low WCC.

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14
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

low platelet count.

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15
Q

What is pancytopenia?

A

all cells reduced

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16
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

raised Hb (with or without raised RBCs)

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17
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

raised WCC – normal when the body is fighting infection.

18
Q

What is thrombocythemia?

A

raised platelets – can be reactive change to damage in the body

19
Q

In the case of anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and pancytopenia, what does reduction in ONE of these values suggest? What about multiple?

A

o One = reactive change to the environment
o Multiple = bone marrow failure (problem with production of cells).

20
Q

In the case of polycythemia, leukocytosis and thrombocythemia, , what does reduction in ONE of these values suggest? What about multiple?

A

o One = reactive change OR pre-neoplastic (pre-cancerous).
o Multiple = pre neoplastic (precancerous) – MYELODYSPLASIA.

21
Q

What is the term given when more than one of the following (leukocytosis, polycythemia, thrombocythemia) are found in a person

A

MYELODYSPLASIA.

22
Q

What is myelodysplasia?

A

A pre-cancerous/ pre-neoplastic change in the blood components.

23
Q

What is the word give for RAISED hemoglogin?

A

Polycythemia

24
Q

What is the term given for RAISED WCC?

A

Leukocytosis

25
Q

What is the term given for RAISED platelets?

A

Thrombocythemia.

26
Q

What are the two types of blood malignancy?

A
  • Leukaemia: neoplastic proliferation of WBCs, usually DISSEMINATED.
  • Lymphoma: neoplastic proliferation of WBCs, usually a SOLID TUMOR.
27
Q

neoplastic proliferation of WBCs, usually a SOLID TUMOR.

A

Lymphoma

28
Q

neoplastic proliferation of WBCs, usually DISSEMINATED.

A

Leukaemia

29
Q

What two stem cells arise from a pluripotent stem cell during haemopoietic development?

A

Myeloid stem cell, lymphoid stem cell.

30
Q

What cell types does a lymphoid stem cell give rise to?

A
  • LEUKOCYTES/ WBCs: NK cells, T cells, B cells.
31
Q

What cell types does a myeloid stem cell give rise to?

A
  • Red blood cells/ erythrocytes.
  • Platelets/ megakaryocytes
  • MENB: monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils.
32
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

Fragments from MEGAKARYOCYTES.

33
Q

What is another name for WBCs?

A

Leukocytes

34
Q

What is another name for RBCs?

A

Erythrocytes.

35
Q

What suggests a blood cancer may be more aggressive?

A

The earlier in the cell line a neoplastic change occurs, the more potentially aggressive the malignancy.

36
Q

How can lymphoma and leukaemia be further categorized/ subdivided?

A
  • Chronic vs acute
  • Myeloid vs lymphoid
37
Q

What is prophyria?

A
  • Abnormality of haem metabolism.
38
Q

What are the two main TYPES of porphyria?

A
  1. Hepatic porphyrias.
  2. Erythropoietic porphyrias.
39
Q

What type of porphyria is particularly relevant to dental practice?

A

Acute intermittent porphyria
- Any patient group.
- Triggered by medicines including LA.

40
Q

How do you treat a porphyria patient on dental clinic?

A

ALWAYS SEEK ADVICE FROM PHYSICIAN BEFORE TREATING PORPHYRIA PATIENT.

41
Q

What are the clinical effects seen in a porphyria patient?

A
  • Photosensitive rash (any time)
  • During acute attacks: sensory and motor changes, seizures, autonomic disturbances (HYPERTENSION, TACHYCARDIA).

Can be FATAL

Module 5 - Haematology (7 decks)

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