Disorders of the Blood Introduction Flashcards
What are the 3 functions of the blood?
- Transport nutrients
- Transport host defences
- removal of waste
What procedure can be used to separate the contents of a blood sample?
Centrifugion
What are the 3 layers of centrifuged blood sample?
- Bottom layer: RBCs (45%)
- Buffy layer (middle): WBCs and platelets
- Top layer: Plasma
What is the function of red blood cells?
Carry oxygen.
What is the function of white blood cells and platelets?
Host defenses and repair.
What is the function of plasma?
Transport of nutrients and medicines
What are the 5 constituents of blood?
- Cell component: RBCs, WBCs, platelets.
- Plasma Proteins: albumin, globulin, fibrinogens, others.
- Lipids
- Nutrients
- Water
What are the proteins (3+) included in plasma?
Albumin, globulin, fibrinogens, others.
What are the 5 categories of information given in a FBC?
Full blood count:
- RBCs (red blood cells)
- WCC (white cell count)
- PLT (platelets)
- HCT (haematocrit)
- MCV (mean cell volume)
What does HCT stand for? What is it?
Haematocrit - ratio of cells to liquid in the blood.
What does MCV stand for? What is it/
Mean cell volume - volume of the average red blood cell.
What is anemia?
low level of Hb in the blood (does NOT give info about low RBCs).
What is leukopenia?
low WCC.
What is thrombocytopenia?
low platelet count.
What is pancytopenia?
all cells reduced
What is polycythemia?
raised Hb (with or without raised RBCs)
What is leukocytosis?
raised WCC – normal when the body is fighting infection.
What is thrombocythemia?
raised platelets – can be reactive change to damage in the body
In the case of anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and pancytopenia, what does reduction in ONE of these values suggest? What about multiple?
o One = reactive change to the environment
o Multiple = bone marrow failure (problem with production of cells).
In the case of polycythemia, leukocytosis and thrombocythemia, , what does reduction in ONE of these values suggest? What about multiple?
o One = reactive change OR pre-neoplastic (pre-cancerous).
o Multiple = pre neoplastic (precancerous) – MYELODYSPLASIA.
What is the term given when more than one of the following (leukocytosis, polycythemia, thrombocythemia) are found in a person
MYELODYSPLASIA.
What is myelodysplasia?
A pre-cancerous/ pre-neoplastic change in the blood components.
What is the word give for RAISED hemoglogin?
Polycythemia
What is the term given for RAISED WCC?
Leukocytosis
What is the term given for RAISED platelets?
Thrombocythemia.
What are the two types of blood malignancy?
- Leukaemia: neoplastic proliferation of WBCs, usually DISSEMINATED.
- Lymphoma: neoplastic proliferation of WBCs, usually a SOLID TUMOR.
neoplastic proliferation of WBCs, usually a SOLID TUMOR.
Lymphoma
neoplastic proliferation of WBCs, usually DISSEMINATED.
Leukaemia
What two stem cells arise from a pluripotent stem cell during haemopoietic development?
Myeloid stem cell, lymphoid stem cell.
What cell types does a lymphoid stem cell give rise to?
- LEUKOCYTES/ WBCs: NK cells, T cells, B cells.
What cell types does a myeloid stem cell give rise to?
- Red blood cells/ erythrocytes.
- Platelets/ megakaryocytes
- MENB: monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils.
What is another name for platelets?
Fragments from MEGAKARYOCYTES.
What is another name for WBCs?
Leukocytes
What is another name for RBCs?
Erythrocytes.
What suggests a blood cancer may be more aggressive?
The earlier in the cell line a neoplastic change occurs, the more potentially aggressive the malignancy.
How can lymphoma and leukaemia be further categorized/ subdivided?
- Chronic vs acute
- Myeloid vs lymphoid
What is prophyria?
- Abnormality of haem metabolism.
What are the two main TYPES of porphyria?
- Hepatic porphyrias.
- Erythropoietic porphyrias.
What type of porphyria is particularly relevant to dental practice?
Acute intermittent porphyria
- Any patient group.
- Triggered by medicines including LA.
How do you treat a porphyria patient on dental clinic?
ALWAYS SEEK ADVICE FROM PHYSICIAN BEFORE TREATING PORPHYRIA PATIENT.
What are the clinical effects seen in a porphyria patient?
- Photosensitive rash (any time)
- During acute attacks: sensory and motor changes, seizures, autonomic disturbances (HYPERTENSION, TACHYCARDIA).
Can be FATAL
