Disorders of growth and cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Describe atrophy and give an example

A

A reduction in cell size and number, can be due to lack of stimulation.
= cerebral atrophy in Alzheimers

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2
Q

Describe hyperplasia and give an example

A

increase in cell number due to chronic inflammation/hormonal imbalance

  • BPH: increased oestrogen’s
  • Can occlude urethra and cause nephropathy
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3
Q

Describe hypertrophy and give an example

A

Increase in cell size

- Left ventricular hypertrophy due to aortic stenosis

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4
Q

Describe metaplasia and give an example

A

Reversible change in tissue type, adaptive response

- Barrets oesophagus: Squamous to columnar epithelia in response to gastric reflux

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5
Q

Describe dysplasia and give example

A

Disordered growth of cells but no invasion or surrounding structures
- cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

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6
Q

What constitutes low-grade/high-grade tumours?

A

low grade - well differentiated - recognisable tissue type

high grade - poorly/undifferentiated - unrecognisable tissue type

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7
Q

By which factors are tumours classified?

A
  • Level of invasion
  • origin cell type
  • Level of differentiation
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8
Q

What is the difference between carcinomas and sarcomas?

A

Carcinoma - Epithelial origin

Sarcoma - Connective tissue origin

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9
Q

What is the main mode of metastasis by a carcinoma?

A

Lymphatic spread initially then blood

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10
Q

What is the main mode of spread by a sarcoma?

A

Blood

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11
Q

Where is a common site of metastasis for colonic cancer?

A

The liver - via hepatic portal vein

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12
Q

What cancer often exhibits transcoelomic (serosal) spread

A

Gastric and ovarian

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