Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENDOCRINOLOGY > DISORDERS OF GROWTH > Flashcards

DISORDERS OF GROWTH Flashcards

1
Q

What is growth defined as?

A

Increase in:

Anabolism
Cell size and number
Cell mutation and maintenance
Organ size
Body size and weight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is growth hormone released from?

A

Anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is released in response to growth hormone?

A

The actions of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors released from the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does growth in the bones of children occur?

A

At the epiphyseal growth plate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is another name for growth hormone (GH)?

A

Somatotrophin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two hormones responsible for regulating the release of growth hormone?

A

Growth-hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Somatostatin (also called growth-hormone inhibiting hormone, GHIH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is the release of growth hormone releasing hormone related to glucose levels?

A

Increased in levels of low glucose - this includes during sleep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is growth hormone transported in the blood?

A

GH-binding protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

At a cellular level, where does growth hormone act?

A

G-protein and JAK receptors on cell surface of target cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which is the most important insulin-like growth factor as a stimulator of growth?

A

IGF-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What effect does insulin like growth factor have on glucose levels in the blood?

A

IGF is antagonistic to insulin in terms of regulating glucose. IGF prevents glucose uptake and causes glycogen breakdown.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the effect of IGFs on bones before puberty?

A

IGFs stimulate chondrocytes in the epiphyseal growth plate to grow and divide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The abnormal secretion of which hormones can lead to growth problems?

A 
Growth hormone
Insulin
ADH
Parathyroid hormone and vit D
Cortisol
Sex steroids
Thyroid hormone (low levels causes growth problems)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the effect of thyroid hormone on growth?

A

T3 stimulate cell metabolism, promoting growth, especially in the CNS and bones.
T3 also stimulates GH secretion from the anterior pituitary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on growth?

A

Inhibits GH release from pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the disorder of excess GH secretion prior to epiphyseal fusion called?

A

Gigantism

17
Q

What is the disorder of excess GH secretion after epiphyseal fusion called?

A

Acromegaly

18
Q

What is the common complication associated with gigantism and acromegaly?

A

Glucose intolerance and diabetes. GH is antagonistic to insulin.

19
Q

Do people with acromegaly get taller?

A

No. They epiphyseal growth plates have fused so no gain in height occurs.

20
Q

What are the clinical features of acromegaly?

A 
High blood pressure
Cardiomegaly
Enlarged head circumference
Coarse thick skin
Large lower jaw
Spaces between lower teeth
Large nose
Large tongue
Organomegaly (liver, kidneys)
Large hands
Large feet
Hypercalcaemia
Diabetes
Osteoarthritis
Sweating
Irregular periods
Sub fertility
21
Q

Why might people with acromegaly lose their peripheral vision?

A

Pituitary tumour compresses the optic nerve

22
Q

Why does acromegaly hold an increased mortality?

A

Cardiovascular disease
Respiratory disease
Malignancy

23
Q

What is the most common cause of acromegaly?

A

Pituitary adenomas

24
Q

What investigations would you do in someone who presents with the features of acromegaly?

A

Blood tests to look for raised IGF
GH levels following an oral glucose tolerance test - should decrease levels to less than 0.5
CT or MRI to investigate pituitary tumour

25
Q

How do you manage someone with acromegaly?

A

The mainstay is surgical removal of the tumour. If surgery is unsuccessful or contraindicated then medical management can be attempted. This includes somatostatin analogue (octreotide), GHIH and recombinant GH analogue which works as a competitive antagonist. Radiotherapy may also be attempted.

26
Q

What is the most common cause of dwarfism?

A

Deficiency of GHRH from the hypothalamus.

27
Q

What are the stimulation tests used to assess GH deficiency in dwarfism?

A

GH levels post sleep
Hypoglycaemia levels (induced by insulin - not used frequently due to dangers)
Arginine stimulation test

28
Q

How are patients diagnosed with dwarfism managed?

A

Subcutaneous injections of recombinant human growth hormone before sleep each night.

29
Q

What are the somatostatin analogues that can be used in someone in acromegaly?

A

Octreotide

30
Q

What must a random growth hormone level show for you to discard acromegaly as a diagnostic?

A

Less than 0.5

ENDOCRINOLOGY (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions