disorders of growth

Question 1

cells that can cause initiation of neoplasia

Answer 1

proto-oncogenes
tumor suppressor genes

Question 2

classes of regualtory genes that are the main cultprits for uncontrolled proliferation

Answer 2

• growth promoting proto-oncogenes
• growth inhibiting tumour suppressor genes
• genes that regulate apoptosis
• genes involved in DNA repair

Question 3

is there a a reason for this growth?

Answer 3

question to ask when differentiating between neoplastic and controlled growths

Question 4

malignant tumours

Answer 4

invasive
pleiomorphic
tumour heterogeneity
lack strength
miotic figures

Question 5

pathogenesis of neoplasia

Answer 5

1. aetiologies case DNA damage
2. initiation: first thing causing cells to divide more
3. promotion: evolution of malignancy through additional mutations

Question 6

atrophy

Answer 6

decrease in cell size

Question 7

hypertrophy

Answer 7

increase in cell size

Question 9

hyperplasia

Answer 9

increase in number of cells

Question 10

metaplasia

Answer 10

change in cell type

Question 11

dysplasia

Answer 11

abnormal development of cells

Question 12

acquired epidermal adaptation types

Answer 12

hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis

Question 13

are congenital defects always detectable at growth

Answer 13

no!
e.g. arteriosus ductus patent

Question 14

congenital defect outcomes

Answer 14

resorption, foetal death, congenital defects

Question 15

outcome of congential defects depends on

Answer 15

• when offspring was exposed to teratogen
• what the teratogen is
• if it was inherited

Question 16

two categories that cause congenital defects

Answer 16

teratogens
genetics

Question 17

biochemical congenital defects

Answer 17

inability to synthesise adequate amounts of protein
usually genetic
usually rare (unless inbreeding or high health system)

Question 18

anatomical congenital disorders

Answer 18

• failure of a structure to develop
• fusion/fission defects
• cyst development
• abnormal structure development
• ectopic develpment

Question 19

hypoplasia

Answer 19

incomplete development of an organ or tissue

Question 20

aplasia

Answer 20

defective development or complete absence of organ or tissue (but the primordium was there)

Question 21

agenesis

Answer 21

absence of an organ due to non appearance of the primordium in the embryo

Question 22

atresia

Answer 22

failure to canalise