circulatory distubances

Question 1

Causes of oedema

Answer 1

1. increased hydrostatic pressure (BP)
2. decreased plasma oncotic pressure
3. lymphatic obstruction
4. increased vascular permeability

Question 2

the thumb test

Answer 2

differentiating oedema (dough) from cell proliferation

Question 3

ascites

Answer 3

oedema but in body cavities

Question 4

infarction

Answer 4

the obstruction of the blood supply to a region of tissue

Question 5

ischemia

Answer 5

condition where blood flow and oxygen are restricted/reduced to the body

Question 6

tissues at higher risk of infarction

Answer 6

high metabolic activity and terminal blood vessels

Question 7

types of infarction pathogenesis

Answer 7

hemorrhagic and anemic

Question 8

causes of infarction

Answer 8

embolism, local vasoconstriction, compression of a vessel and torsion

Question 9

similarities between hyperemia and congestion

Answer 9

• distended blood vessels
• increased hydrostatic pressure
• increased chance of oedema

Question 10

how does congestion increase chance of oedema

Answer 10

from increased hydrostatic pressure only

Question 11

how does hyperemia increase chance of oedema

Answer 11

from increased vascular permeability and increased hydrostatic pressure

Question 12

what is hyperaemia

Answer 12

dilation of arterioles increasing blood into tissues –> arteriolar-mediated engorgement of vascular bed

Question 13

causes of hyperaemia

Answer 13

• inflammation (redness and heat are cardinal signs)
• physiological: digestion, exercise, embarrassment

Question 14

what is congestion

Answer 14

too little blood being removed from venules –> passive venous engorgement of vascular bed

Question 15

what is a thrombus

Answer 15

a solid blood clot within the blood vessels or heart attached to the vessel wall

Question 16

what is a thromboemnoli

Answer 16

an emboli that breaks loose

Question 17

what stimulates the coagulation cascade

Answer 17

Tissue damage (collagen, basement membrane exposed)

Question 18

what is the function of fibrin and what is it the polymer of

Answer 18

forms clots and from fibrinogen

Question 19

tissue factor VII

Answer 19

activates clotting cascade

Question 20

causes of thrombosis

Answer 20

1. injury to endothelial cells
2. disrupted blood flow disrupting normal laminar blood flow
3. hypercoagulation of blood

Question 21

outcomes of thrombosis

Answer 21

• fibrinolysis
• organisation and recanalisation
• phagocytic cells move in
• embolism and possible infarction

Question 22

what is haemorrhage

Answer 22

the escape of blood through rhexis

Question 23

haematomas

Answer 23

blood filled swelling
circumscribed extravascular collection of blood, usually clotted

Question 24

haemopericardium

Answer 24

haemorrhage into pericardial space

Question 25

haemothorax

Answer 25

haemorrhage into thoracic cavity

Question 26

how can vessels become damaged and cause haemorrhage

Answer 26

• mechanical trauma
• necrosis or vessel wall destruction due to: neoplasia, toxins, vit C deficiency, anoxia, ulceration, deposition of immune complexes

Question 27

Petechial haemorrhages

Answer 27

pinpoint haemorrhage (foci 1-2mm)

Question 28

causes of petechial haemorrhages

Answer 28

vascular defect or platelet defect

Question 29

enymoic haemorrhages

Answer 29

10-20mm in diameter
due to vascular, platelet or coagulation defects

Question 30

disorders of haemostasis

Answer 30

platelet dysfunction (disease of platelets or congenital/acquired disorders) r clotting cascade disorder (inherited, acquired or clotting factors already used)

Question 31

thrombocytopaenia

Answer 31

decreased number of platelets

Question 32

thrombopanthua

Answer 32

platelet function disorder

Question 33

resolution of haemorrhage

Answer 33

reabsorption and organisation of clotted blood