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Pathophysiology I > Disorders of Endocrine Control of Growth and Development > Flashcards

Disorders of Endocrine Control of Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is a primary hormone disorder?

A

Disorder of the gland producing the hormone.

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2
Q

What is a secondary hormone disorder?

A

A disorder of the pituitary.

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3
Q

What is a tertiary hormone disorder?

A

Hypothalamic dysfunction.

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4
Q

Which hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?

A

TSH, ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone), Gonadotropin, LH, FSH, GH, Prolactin

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5
Q

What are hyperpituitarism and pituitary adenomas?

A

Usually benign. They cause an over-secretion of hormone. Adenoma is the most common type.

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6
Q

What are the manifestations of hyperpituitarism and pituitary adenomas?

A

Can be insidious. Enlargement of the hands/feet/tongue etc. And it raises the blood glucose as it counteracts the action of insulin.

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7
Q

What are the causes of hypopituitarism?

A

Congenital. Benign tumor compressing pituitary gland. Radiation.

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8
Q

What is the action of GHRH?

A

GHRH acts on the anterior pituitary to release Growth Hormone (Somatotropin).

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9
Q

What inhibits the release of Growth Hormone (Somatotropin)?

A

Somatostatin.

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10
Q

What does growth hormone affect?

A

Linear bone growth. Rate of protein synthesis by all cells. Fatty acid mobilization and use. Blood glucose levels.

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11
Q

What are the three causes of dwarfism?

A

Idiopathic short stature. Psychosocial dwarfism. Growth hormone deficiency.

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12
Q

What causes growth hormone deficiency?

A

Lack of GHRH.

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13
Q

What is somatopause?

A

GH decline with age.

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14
Q

What are the manifestations of GH deficiency in adults?

A

Decreased lean mass, increased fat mass. Decreased bone density.

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15
Q

What is the cause of gigantism?

A

Due to pituitary adenoma causing GH excess. Epiphyses of long bone aren’t fused.

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16
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face, caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.

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17
Q

What are the features of acromegaly?

A

Growth at the end of extremities and small bones (fingers, hands, toes, jaw, forehead). Vertebral changes (kyphosis). Soft tissue/cartilage growth (nose, larynx, respiratory tract).

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18
Q

What is precocious puberty?

A

Early activation of hypothalamus, pituitary and gonadal hormones causing early emergence of secondary sexual characteristics and fertility

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19
Q

What are the causes of precocious puberty?

A

Idiopathic. CNS tumor. Gonadal, adrenal, hypothalamic disorder.

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20
Q

List the thyroid hormones.

A

TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone). T4. T3.

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21
Q

Where is TSH produced?

A

Anterior pituitary.

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22
Q

What are the CNS manifestations of hypothyroidism?

A

Weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, weakness, mental dullness.

23
Q

What are the CVS manifestations of hypothyroidism?

A

Bradycardia, myocardial dilation.

24
Q

What are the GI manifestations of hypothyroidism?

A

Enlarged tongue, voice changes, constipation, flatulence, distension.

25
Q

What are the musculoskeletal manifestations of hypothyroidism?

A

Myalgia, arthralgia.

26
Q

What are the integumentary manifestations of hypothyroidism?

A

Dry rough skin, coarse brittle hair.

27
Q

What is Cretinism?

A

Form of primary hypothyroidism. Congenital. Occurs at birth and first sign is prolongation of physiologic jaundice.

28
Q

What is Hashimoto’s Thyroidosis?

A

The most common hypothyroidism. Autoimmune, lymphocytic infiltration of thyroid gland.

29
Q

Causes of primary hypothyroidism:

A

Hyperthyroid medication. Iodine deficiency (necessary for TH synthesis). Post-surgical damage/removal. Radiotherapy with iodine.

30
Q

What is myxedema?

A

Severe hypothyroidism. Non-pitting mucous type of edema due to accumulation of mucopolysaccharide substance throughout connective tissue.

31
Q

What is a myxedema coma?

A

Life-threatening. Primary symptoms are altered mental status and hypothermia. Hypoglycemia, hypotension, hyponatremia, hypercapnia, hypoxia, bradycardia, and hypoventilation may also occur.

32
Q

What are the causes of secondary hypothyroidism?

A

Infection. Inflammation. Infiltration. Hemorrhage. Tumor.

33
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

Most common type of hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune antibodies bind to TSH receptors in the thyroid gland and stimulate release of T3 and T4.

34
Q

What are the manifestations of Grave’s disease?

A

Goiter. Bulging eyes. Palpitations. Weight loss.

35
Q

What is thyroid storm?

A

s a life-threatening condition that develops in cases of untreated thyrotoxicosis.

36
Q

What can trigger thyroid storm?

A

Infection. DKA. Trauma: physical or emotional. Thyroid stimulation during surgery.

37
Q

Manifestations of thyroid storm:

A 
fever
    dehydration
    rapid heart rate
    nausea/vomiting
    diarrhea
    irregular heart beat
    weakness
    heart failure
   confusion/disorientation
    death
38
Q

What are the treatments for hyperthyroidism?

A

Beta-blockers. Meds to decrease circulating TH. Surgical removal. Radioactive iodine to destroy tissue.

39
Q

Which hormones are released by the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone, Glucocorticoids, Androgens.

40
Q

Which hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine.

41
Q

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

An autosomal recessive trait resulting in deficiency of enzymes that synthesize cortisol.

42
Q

What hormone does congenital adrenal hyperplasia affect?

A

Increases ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) , which causes adrenal hyperplasia and overstimulation of adrenal androgen production.

43
Q

What is Addison Disease?

A

Primary Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency caused by destruction of the adrenal gland.

44
Q

What is the treatment for Addison Disease?

A

Lifetime mineralocorticoid replacement.

45
Q

What are the causes of Addison Disease?

A

Autoimmune (most common). Tuberculosis, metastasis, fungal (all rare).

46
Q

What are the manifestations of Addison diease?

A

Loss of aldosterone, Loss of glococorticoids, and hyperpigmentation.

47
Q

What does loss of aldosterone cause?

A

Loss of Na, Cl, H2O via kideys. Retention of potassium.

48
Q

What does loss of glucocorticoids cause?

A

Hypoglycemia. Decreased immunity. Fever.

49
Q

What are causes of secondary adrenal cortical insufficiency?

A

Hypopituitarism. Removal of pituitary. Hypothalamic defect. Rapid withdrawal of glucocorticoids. (

50
Q

What is acute adrenal crisis?

A

Addison disease + stress. A life-threatening condition that occurs when there is not enough cortisol.

51
Q

What are the manifestations of acute adrenal crisis?

A

Slow or fast onset. Nausea and vomiting. Weakness. Hypotension, dehydration, vascular collapse. Hemorrhage due to septicemia, trauma, anticoagulants, thrombosis, metastasis.

52
Q

What causes Chushing Syndrome?

A

Excess production of ACTH by pituitary tumor or adrenal tumor.

53
Q

What are manifestations of Cushing syndrome?

A

Altered fat metabolism. Muscle protein breakdown. Bone protein breakdown. Altered cortisol. Altered glucose metabolism. Hypokalemia. Hypernatremia. Increased androgens. Emotional instability.

Pathophysiology I (5 decks)

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