Diabetes Flashcards
Which hormone do alpha cells release?
Glucagon.
Which hormones do beta cells release?
Insulin and amylin.
Which hormone do delta cells release?
Somatostatin.
Which hormone do PP cells release?
Pancreatic polypeptide.
What is the action of glucagon?
Causes cells to release stored food into the blood.
What is the function of insulin?
Allows cells to take up glucose from the blood.
What are the functions of amylin?
Slows glucose absorption in small intestine and suppresses glucagon secretion.
What are the functions of somatostatin?
Decreases gastro-intestinal activity, suppresses glucagon and insulin secretion.
Diabetes mellitus can occur due to…
Absolute insulin deficiency. Impaired release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells. Inadequate/defective insulin receptors. Production of inactive insulin or insulin that is destroyed.
What characterizes diabetes mellitus type 1A?
Absolute insulin deficiency.
What causes insulin deficiency in diabetes mellitus type 1A?
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells. (Islet cell antibodies and insulin antibodies).
What are the causes of diabetes mellitus type 1A?
Genetic predisposition. Environmental triggers. T-lymphocytes-mediated hypersensitivity reaction against beta cell antigens.
What is the difference between diabetes mellitus type 1A and type 1B?
Type 1B is idiopathic, and involves variable insulin dependency.
Who is at risk for diabetes mellitus type 1B?
Africans, Asians, and those who have a family history of diabetes mellitus type 1B. (It is strongly inherited).
What are the causes of diabetes mellitus type 2?
Insulin resistance, increased liver production of glucose, beta cell dysfunction.
What are the risk factors for diabetes mellitus type 2?
Genetic. Environmental. Obesity (esp. upper body obesity). Physical inactivity.
What does insulin resistance mean?
Failure of target tissue to respond to insulin.
What is the result of insulin resistance?
Decreased glucose uptake by skeletal muscle.
What are the causes of beta cell dysfunction?
Decreased mass (genetic/prenatal). Increased apoptosis/decreased regeneration. Exhaustion (d/t chronic insulin resistance). Desensitization (d/t chronic glucotoxicity). Destruction (i.e. lipotoxicity). Toxins/deposits (i.e. amyloid).
What is gestational diabetes mellitus?
Glucose intolerance developing during pregnancy.
What are the risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus?
Glycosuria. Strong family history of DM type 2. Severe obesity. Polycystic ovary disease. Prior history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Previous delivery of large-for-gestational-age infant.
What are some fetal complications of gestational diabetes?
Macrosomia. Hypoglycemia (>9 lbs 4 oz). Hypocalcemia (decreased parathyroid gland function). Polycythemia. Hyperbilirubinemia.
What are the manifestations of diabetes mellitus type 1?
Rapid onset. Weight loss due to fluid loss and use of fat stores.
What are the manifestations of diabetes mellitus type 2?
Insidious. Weight gain.
What are the manifestations that are common to both type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Polyuria. Polydipsia. Polyphagia (usually type 1). Blurred vision. Weakness/fatigue. Paresthesia. Infection.