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Diagnostic Sciences > Disorders of Breathing, Respiration or Circulation > Flashcards

Disorders of Breathing, Respiration or Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Superficial venous thrombosis

A

palpable as linear, indurated cord

variable pain, tenderness, erythema, warmth

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2
Q

Why would we do a chest x-ray?

A
  • Disorders of: —Heart, Lungs, Pleural and pericardial cavities, Great vessels, Skeletal structures, Lymph nodes in mediastinum
  • Usually done PA (postero-anterior) and lateral
  • Maybe followed by CT, MRI
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3
Q

Describe a sputum test?

A
  • by expectoration, bronchoscopy, endotracheal, transtracheal aspirations
  • Sputum Culture and Sensitivity: microscope, culture of preparation, antibiotic sensitivity test
  • Sputum Cytology: microscope, for malignancy
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4
Q

What causes White sputum?

A

allergies or viral

or non-pus forming bacterium

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5
Q

What causes Yellow-green sputum?

A

pus-forming bacterium

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6
Q

What causes scattered expiratory wheezes?

A

narrowing of LRT in both lungs and all over

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7
Q

What are the reasons for a change in chronic cough?

A

1) Worsening of previous condition
2) Superimposed infection
3) New pathology (malignancy)

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8
Q

What is the pathophysiology of wheeze and sputum in smokers?

A

smoking -> metaplasia (- ciliary cells, + goblet cells, + mucus) -> narrows lumen

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9
Q

What investigations would you use to confirm a suspected pneumonia?

A
  • Microscopy, Culture, Sensitivity test

- Chest x-ray

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10
Q

What causes night coughing in kids?

A
  • asthma
  • post-nasal drip
  • GORD
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11
Q

What questions do you ask when you suspect asthma?

A
  • what months is it during?
  • family history of allergies?
  • any changes in home recently? (new detergent, new pet, new room with carpet)
  • other allergies?
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12
Q

What is the pathophysiology of wheeze in asthma?

A

-stimulus (eg. pollen) -> inflammation of epithelium -> thickens + smooth muscle contraction + inflammatory exudate

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13
Q

What causes runny eyes?

A

likely allergies

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14
Q

What does a dry cough mean?

A
  • URT issue

- inhaled irritants

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15
Q

Define coryza

A

stuffy nose

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16
Q

What is the likely cause of acute rhinorrhea, sore throat, runny eyes, dry cough?

A

Allergic pharyngitis

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17
Q

What other disorders is “acute rhinorrhea, sore throat, runny eyes, dry cough” a prodrome to?

A

-Influenza
-LRT infection
-glandular fever
-HIV becoming positive AIDS
-meningitis
Hodgkins lymphoma

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18
Q

What are the 3 top causes of dyspnoea?

A
  • respiratory tract pathology
  • L side heart failure with pulmonary oedema
  • anaemia
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19
Q

What colour sputum would croup make?

A

white (it is viral, not bacterial)

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20
Q

What questions do you ask for a 3yr old with cough with sputum?

A
  • immunization history?

- daycare? other sick kids?

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21
Q

What investigations do can you do for asthma?

A
  • allergy patch test
  • blood test for eosinophils (high), IGE (high)
  • spirometry
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22
Q

What causes crackles at both lung bases?

A

pulmonary oedema

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23
Q

What causes crackles at one lung base?

A

TB

lobar pneumonia

24
Q

What causes scattered crackles on both lungs?

A

bronchopneumonia

25
Q

What do you ask a 26 year old female with occasional palpitations and fatigue?

A
  • last period?
  • diet?
  • family history of anaemia?
26
Q

What is the DDx for palpitations and fatigue in a 26 yr old woman?

A
  • anaemia

- pregnancy

27
Q

What could be the cause of a 14 year old’s mild dyspnoea and wheeze with dry cough, precipitated by strong emotions and exercise?

A

Asthma

Allergies

28
Q

What is the DDx of 42yr old heavy smoker male with 10yr history of increasing dyspnoea, morning cough with white sputum, increasing fatigues ?

A
  • emphysema
  • chronic bronchitis
  • bronchus carcinoma
29
Q

What investigations can confirm emphysema?

A
  • chest X-ray

- lung function test

30
Q

What causes a pink frothy sputum?

A

pulmonary oedema

31
Q

What are the causes of pleuritic pain?

A
  • pulmonary embolism with infarction
  • pericarditis
  • pneumonia
  • myocardial infarction
  • pneumothorax
32
Q

Which is the only disorder of impulse conduction?

A

Heart block

33
Q

What are some causes of arrhythmias?

A
  • electrolyte imbalance (hypercalcaemia)
  • high catecholamines (hyperthyroid)
  • drugs (B-blockers, antidepressants)
  • hypoxia (MI)
  • vagal hyperactivity
  • acidosis
  • ischaemia
  • aging
  • fever
34
Q

What is the definition of a cough?

A
  • forceful expiratory action, preceded by preliminary inspiration
  • protects lung from accumulation of secretions and entry of irritating destructive substances
35
Q

What are the categories for the common causes of a cough?

A 
inflammatory stimuli (laryngitis)
mechanical stimuli (choking)
chemical stimuli (noxious gas)
thermal stimuli (cold air)
36
Q

What are the common causes of haemoptysis?

A
  • lung oedema
  • bleeding tendency
  • trauma
  • TB
  • pneumonia
  • bronchus carcinoma
  • pulmonary embolus with infarction
37
Q

What causes a blood-streaked sputum?

A
  • bleeding tendency
  • lung carcinoma
  • pulmonary embolism + infarction
  • trauma
  • TB
  • bronchiectasis
38
Q

What causes a rusty sputum?

A

-pneumococcal pneumonia

39
Q

What causes morning cough?

A
  • chronic bronchitis
  • bronchiectasis
  • postnasal drip
  • chronic sinusitis
40
Q

What causes night cough?

A
  • asthma
  • postnasal drip
  • CROUP
41
Q

What causes cough worse lying down, better with sitting up ?

A

left hear failure

42
Q

What causes cough worse with exercise ?

A
  • asthma
  • chronic bronchitis
  • many
43
Q

What causes cough with fever and sweats ?

A
  • respiratory infections

- Lymphoma

44
Q

What causes cough plus sore throat and rhinorrhoea ?

A

URT infection

45
Q

What are the top 3 things to ask a patient which hypertension?

A
  • dyspnoea (L H failure)
  • ishcaemic heart disease
  • signs of stroke / brain bleed / cerebellar lesions
46
Q

What are the causes of hypertension?

A

90% primary idiopathic

10% secondary to:

  • endocrine (hyperthyroid)
  • renal (glomerulonephritis)
  • pregnancy
  • neurogenic (cranial, lesions)
  • medications
47
Q

What are causes of systolic pressure increase?

A
  • exercise
  • stress
  • pain
  • cafeine
  • recent smoke
48
Q

What causes increase of diastolic blood pressure?

A

increase in total peripheral resistance

49
Q

What are the causes of bilateral ankle oedema?

A
  • R heart failure
  • renal failure
  • metabolic (starvation, malabsorption)
  • pregnancy, PMS
  • bilateral venous congestion
50
Q

What are the causes of unilateral ankle oedema?

A
  • venous congestion

* lymphatic obstruction -> filariasis, irradiation

51
Q

What is CROUP?

A
  • acute laryngotracheobronchitis
  • follows URT
  • parainfluenza type 1
  • bark like cough
  • hoarseness, dyspnoea, cyanosis
  • inspiratory stridor, accessory insp. muscles
52
Q

What is pernicious anaemia?

A
  • macrocytic
  • low intrinsic factor -> B12 deficiency
  • presents with GIT discomfort and sensory changes
53
Q

What is aplastic anaemia?

A
  • low all blood formed elements due to bone marrow failure

* presents with features of anaemia plus bleeding tendency and low immunity

54
Q

What is thalassaemia?

A
  • haemolytic anaemia

* abnormal structure and function of RBC

55
Q

What is mesothelioma?

A
  • pleural carcinoma

* from exposure to asbestos

Diagnostic Sciences (7 decks)

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