disorders

Question 1

what is acidosis

Answer 1

disorder tending to make blood more acidic than normal

Question 2

what is alkalosis

Answer 2

disorder tending to make blood more alkaline than normal

Question 3

what is acidemia and alkalemia

Answer 3

acid- low blood ph

alka- high blood ph

Question 4

what is base excess

Answer 4

Quantity of acid required to return pH to normal under standard conditions

Question 5

stewarts theory

Answer 5

ph and carbonate are dependant variables governed by pCO2k

Question 6

respiratory and metabolic component of an abg

Answer 6

resp= co2

metabolic hc03-

Question 7

causes of metabolic acidosis

Answer 7

dilutional
failure of h+ excretion
excess h+ load
hc03- loss

Question 8

clinical features of acidosis

Answer 8

sighing respirations
tachypnoea
hyperventilation

Question 9

causes of alkalosis

Answer 9

alkali ingestion
gastrointestinal acid loss
renal acid loss

Question 10

clinical signs of alkalosi

Answer 10

hypoventilation

renal bicarbonate excretion

Question 11

investigation for acidosis

Answer 11

difference between measured anion and cations

Question 12

what is respiratory acidosis caused by

Answer 12

co2 retention leading to increased carbonic acid dissociation
any respiratory failure

Question 13

compensatory mechanism for respiratory acidosis

Answer 13

Increased renal H+ excretion and bicarbonate retention (but only if chronic)

Question 14

causes of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 14

type 1 resp failure

anxiety/ panic

Question 15

20yr old male with normal o2 low co2 ph 7.11 hc03- low likely cause

Answer 15

metabolic acidosis

Question 16

22 yr old lady w severe asthma and wheeze
high ph
low co2
likely diagnosis

Answer 16

respiratory alkalosis due to type 1 resp failure

Question 17

what does the proximal tubular do

Answer 17

active reabsorption of multiple solutes
metabolically active cells
vulnerable t hypoxia and toxicity

Question 18

proximal tubule disorders

Answer 18

glucose- renal glycosuria
amino acids- aminoacidurias
bicarbonate- proximal renal tubular acidosis

Question 19

effect , mechanism and clinical feautres of glycosuria

Answer 19

defect with sodium glucose transporter 2
failure of glucose reabsorption
incidental finding on testing
SGLT2 inhibitors

Question 20

bicarbonate reabsorption

Answer 20

in tubular lumen high carbonate and hydrogen ions

co2 and h20 diffuse over passively

Question 21

proximal type 2 renal tubular acidosis

Answer 21

defect - na/ h antiporter
failure of bicarbonate reabsorption
acidosis
treatment , bicarbonate supplementation

Question 22

what does the loop of henle do

Answer 22

Generates medullary concentration gradient

Active Na reabsorption in thick ascending limb