Disorders

Question 1

Disorders of the ear

Answer 1

• sensorineural hearing loss

- conductive hearing loss

Question 2

Disorders of the eye

Answer 2

• hyperopia

- myopia

Question 3

Myopia definition

Answer 3

distant objects are blurry while nearby objects are clear

Question 4

Myopia causes

Answer 4

• elongated eyeball

- inability for the lens to become thin enough

Question 5

Technologies used to correct Myopia

Answer 5

• concave lens which spreads out the input of light before it enters the eye’s convex lens

Question 6

Hyperopia definition

Answer 6

distant objects are clear yet close objects are blurry

Question 7

Hyperopia causes

Answer 7

• shortened length of eyeball

- lens cannot become round enough

Question 8

Technologies used to correct hyperopia

Answer 8

• laser eye surgery to adjust the curvature of the cornea

- convex lenses to converge light rays as they enter the eye’s convex lens

Question 9

Conductive hearing loss definition

Answer 9

blockage or damage within the auditory ear canal resulting in a loss of loudness

Question 10

Conductive hearing loss causes

Answer 10

• blockage such as earwax or a foreign object

- trauma or damage to the ear drum such as by a pencil

Question 11

Sensorineural hearing loss definition

Answer 11

damage to the cochlea hairs within the inner ear resulting in loss of loudness or lack of clarity

Question 12

Sensorineural hearing loss causes

Answer 12

• ageing prsocess
• excessive noise exposure
• disease

Question 13

Technologies for hearing loss

Answer 13

• hearing aid

- cochlea implant

Question 14

What is a hearing aid

Answer 14

An electronic device that amplifies sound entering the external ear

–> can help people who have conductive hearing loss or mild sensorineural hearing loss

Question 15

Process of a hearing aid

Answer 15

Microphone - detects sound and converts it into an electrical signal

Amplifier - magnifies the strength of the sound

Receiver - turns electrical signals back into sound waves

Speaker - projects sound into middle ear

Question 16

Benefits of a hearing aid

Answer 16

• relatively cheap
• no surgery required
• can restore some hearing

Question 17

Limitations of a hearing aid

Answer 17

• does not restore full sound

- all parts of the ear must be fully functioning to some extent

Question 18

What is a cochlea implant

Answer 18

the ‘bionic ear’ sends electrical pulses to the auditory nerve to help treat severe to profound hearing loss

–> due to damage to cochlea hairs

Question 19

Process of a cochlea implant

Answer 19

Processor - detects sound and converts it into digital code

Implant - turns digital code into electrical impulses

Electrode - is implanted in cochlea and transmits the electrical impulses to the auditory nerve

Question 20

Benefits of cochlea implant

Answer 20

• can facilitate hearing in profoundly deaf people

Question 21

Limitations of cochlea implant

Answer 21

• very expensive
• requires surgery
• does not work if damage is to auditory nerve
• must be trained to interpret sound

Question 22

Function of the kidney

Answer 22

• to maintain fluid balance
• regulating and filtering minerals in the blood
• removal of nitrogenous waste (urea)

Question 23

Disorder of the kidney

Answer 23

Kidney failure (chronic or acute)

–> unable to balance water and salt in the body and remove waste is life threatening

Question 24

Kidney transplant

Answer 24

–> preferred method

Benefits

• prolongs life
• no restrictions on intake

Limitations

• long waiting list
• rejection
• immunosuppressants

Question 25

Dialysis

Answer 25

Type 1: Peritoneal dialysis

• flushing of the entire abdomen
• can be done from home

Type 2: Haemodialysis

• machine acts as artificial kidney and processes blood
• is very expensive
• time consuming and limiting