Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gen. Path > Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Tract > Flashcards

Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the liver?

A 
Carbohydrate metabolism
Fat metabolism
Protein metabolism
Bile synthesis
Detoxification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Necrosis of the liver where the injury is largely confined to a particular zone of the liver lobule.

A

Zonal necrosis

-This is an umbrella term, there is more specific names depending on the location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Necrosis around the terminal hepatic vein.

A

Centrilobular necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Necrosis next to portal tract.

A

Piecemeal necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Necrosis across the lobule

A

Bridging necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are apoptotic lesion called on the liver? How are they different from necrosis?

A

Councilman bodies

  • apoptotic are more isolated, maybe just one cell
  • apoptotic appear eosinophilic
  • necrosis has clumps and clusters of cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is serious fibrosis classified as?

A

Cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cirrhosis caused by?

A

Repeated bouts of inflammation, cell damage, diffuse fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does cirrhosis lead to, possible consequences?

A

Portal hypertension- can lead to esophageal varices which can lead to vomiting of blood and bleeding of esophagus
Impaired liver function
Increased chance of liver cancer from the dysplastic cells
Metabolic consequences of ascites, edema, bleeding, and jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the number 1 aetiology of cirrhosis?

A

Drugs and toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some other aetiologies of cirrhosis?

A 
Infections- Hep B, Hep C
Metabolic disease
Autoimmune disease
Biliary obstruction
Vascular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is cirrhosis “identified”?

A

Loss of normal liver architecture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is cirrhosis classified as micro nodular? Macronodular? Any other classifications?

A

Micronodular: less than 3mm nodules
Macronodular: greater than 3mm nodules
Mixed is another possibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is jaundice caused by?

A

Elevated serum bilirubin. It is a manifestation of improper function of the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is pre hepatic hemolytic jaundice?

A

Caused by unconjugated bilirubin buildup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is hepatic jaundice?

A

Caused partially by conjugated and partially unconjugated bilirubin buildup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is post hepatic obstructive jaundice?

A

Caused by conjugated bilirubin buildup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the problem with excess bilirubin?

A

Toxic. Will produce excessive collagen that can lead to formation of fibroids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What enzyme is lacking in unconjugated hereditary hyperbilirubinemia diseases?

A

UDP glucuronyltransferase (UGT1A1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What unconjugated hereditary hyperbilirubinemia disease is fatal due to kernicterus (bilirubin deposited in brain) during the neonatal period?

A

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What unconjugated hereditary hyperbilirubinemia disease is less severe that Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Type 1 and why?

A

Crigler- Najjar Syndrome Type 2, there is some enzyme present but the activity is still severely reduced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What unconjugated hereditary hyperbilirubinemia disease is mild with 30% reduced activity?

A

Gilbert Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What conjugated hereditary hyperbilirubinemia disease results from a defect in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes?

A

Dubin Johnson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What conjugated hereditary hyperbilirubinemia disease results from multiple defects in hepatocellular uptake and excretion of bilirubin?

A

Rotor Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Is Crigler-Najjar Syndrome a conjugated or unconjugated disease?

A

Unconjugated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 2 conjugated hereditary hyperbilirubinemia diseases?

A

Dubin Johnson

Rotor Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 3 unconjugated hereditary hyperbilirubinemia diseases?

A

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Type 1 and Type 2

Gilbert Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What colour is urine in severe jaundice?

A

Dark urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the stool like in severe jaundice?

A

Pale stool

fat in the feces (steatorrhea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is portal hypertension? What can result?

A

Increased blood pressure in the portal system.

Varicose veins can result, especially in the esophagus (esophageal varices)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Is infarction possible in the liver?

A

Yes, it is rare though due to the dual blood supply

32
Q

What is nutmeg liver a manifestation of?

A

Congestive heart failure- mainly right sided

33
Q

How can excess iron be caused metabolically?

A

Metabolic defect

  • excess iron absorption OR
  • abnormal iron storage regulation
34
Q

What is excess iron called?

A

Hemochromatosis

35
Q

What are the results of genetic hemochromatosis?

A

Liver: cirrhosis, risk of CA
Pancrease: fibrosis
Heart: cardiomyopathy
Skin: pigmenation

36
Q

What disease is a manifestation of copper overload?

A

Wilson’s Disease

-mutation is Cu-transport ATPase

37
Q

What are the results of Wilson’s disease?

A

Liver: chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis
Brain: psychiatric disorders
Eyes: Kayser-Fleisher rings on cornea

38
Q

Is Wilson’s disease autosomal dominant or recessive?

A

Autosomal recessive

39
Q

What is a diagnostic sign of copper overload? **

A

Kayser-Fleisher rings = copper deposits in the eye **

40
Q

What are the 3 benign liver tumours discussed?

A

Hepatic adenoma
Bile duct adenoma
Hemangioma

41
Q

Who does hepatic adenoma occur most often in and why?

A

Women of childbearing age. Role of estrogen.

42
Q

How do cells look in hepatic adenoma?

A

Cells resemble normal hepatocytes with minor variation. Nodules can become large.

43
Q

What is a hemangioma?

A

Benign neoplasm of blood vessels. Sometimes called a harmatoma which is an excessive proliferation of tissue native to that area.

44
Q

What should hemangioma not get confused with? How can you differentiate?

A

Not be be confused with a hematoma which has extra blood out of the vessation. Use a test called a DIASCOPY, apply pressure with a glass slide if the area blanches it is a hemangioma. In a hematoma it will not blanch because the blood is outside the vessel.

45
Q

What is hepatocellular carcinoma? Who is it more common in gender wise?

A

Cancer of hepatocytes

More common in men

46
Q

What are risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Hepatitis carriers (B or C)
Any liver cirrhosis
Aflatoxins/Mycotoxins - toxins produced by a deep fungal infection called Aspergillus

47
Q

What is another malignant tumour possible in the liver that is even less common than hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Angiosarcoma- rare malignancy of blood vessels

48
Q

What are risk factors for angiosarcoma?

A

Thorotrast contrast medium
Arsenic
Anabolic steroids
Vinyl chloride

49
Q

What are the most common organ tumours to metastasize to the liver?

A

Lung
Breast
Colon
Stomach

50
Q

What is biliary cirrhosis? What are the types?

A

Blockage of bile ducts that drain bile from the liver. Can be intrahepatic or extra hepatic. Primary and secondary.

51
Q

What is primary biliary cirrhosis caused by?

A

Autoimmune

scarring, cirrhosis, liver failure, granulomatous destruction of intrahepatic ducts

52
Q

What is secondary biliary cirrhosis caused by?

A

Obstruction and malignancy

Obstruction of extra hepatic biliary tree, gallstones, malignancy of pancreas

53
Q

What disease involves the intra-hepatic bile ducts?

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis

54
Q

What disease involves the extra-hepatic bile ducts?

A

Secondary biliary cirrhosis

55
Q

What disease involves the intra and extra-hepatic bile ducts?

A

Sclerosing Cholangitis

56
Q

Which of the 3 bile duct disease carries an increased risk of developing bile duct carcinoma?

A

Sclerosing Cholangitis

57
Q

Which of the 3 bile duct disease is more common in females?

A

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

58
Q

Which of the 3 bile duct disease is more common in males?

A

Sclerosing Cholangitis

59
Q

Which of the 3 bile duct diseases in associated with ulcerative colitis?

A

Sclerosing Cholangitis

60
Q

What is Sclerosing Cholangitis?

A

Chronic sclerosis of intra and extra hepatic bile ducts

61
Q

What is common between primary biliary cirrhosis and sclerosing cholangitis?

A

Both disease result in identical end-stage changes in the liver with cirrhosis

62
Q

What is carcinoma of the bile duct called?

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

63
Q

What are the risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma?

A

Sclerosing cholangitis

64
Q

What is acute cholecystitis?

A

Acute inflammation of gallbladder

65
Q

Where is acute cholecystitis felt?

A

Right upper quadrant, sometimes the pain is on and off

66
Q

What is the most common reason for acute cholecystitis?

A

Usually due to gallstones

67
Q

What can happen in acute cholecystitis?

A

May perforate

-biliary peritonitis

68
Q

What is chronic cholecystitis?

A

Chronic gallbladder inflammation

69
Q

What is the most common cause for chronic cholecystitis?

A

Gallstones

70
Q

What can happen in chronic cholecystitis?

A

Wall thickened
May calcify- “Porcelain gallbladder”
May frill with mucus- “Mucocele”

71
Q

What is cholelithiasis?

A

Stone formation in the gallbladder- formation of gallstones

72
Q

Patients at highest risk for cholelithiasis? **

A 
Fair
Fat
Female
Fertile
**
73
Q

What are cholesterol stones from? What colour?

A

Not enough bile salts to keep cholesterol in solution

Appear multiple and yellow in color

74
Q

What are pigmented stones? What colour?

A

Calcium salts of unconjugated bilirubin

Appear black or brown

75
Q

What is carcinoma of gallbladder associated with 90% o the time?

A

Gallstones

76
Q

What gender is carcinoma of gallbladder much more common in?

A

Females

Gen. Path (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions