Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 Clinical Pathology > Diseases of the head and neck > Flashcards

Diseases of the head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of carcinoma accounts for 90-90% of malignancies of the oral cavity?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is the incidence and mortality related to oral squamous cell carcinoma increasing or decreasing?

A

Increasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the survival rates of oral squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Less than 50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 6 most common sites of oral squamous cell carcinoma?

A

1) Floor of mouth
2) Ventrolateral tongue
3) Retromolar region
4) Lower lip
5) Soft palate
6) Gingiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 dominant risk factors for oral carcinoma?

A

Tobacco and alcohol abuse (account for 75% of the disease burden or oral carcinoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a major cause of oral carcinoma in parts of SE Asia, China and Taiwan?

A

Oral smokeless tobacco

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which virus is found in some cases of oral carcinoma?

A

HPV - types 16 and 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How common is HPV infection in oral carcinoma?

A
  • In a small proportion of oral carcinoma

- Up to 50% of oropharyngeal SCC - particularly involving the tonsils and tongue base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the finding of HPV infection in oral carcinoma alter survival?

A

Interestingly tend to have better survival rates than HPV negative patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In addition to tobacco, alcohol and HPV infection, name the 2 other risk factors for oral carcinoma?

A

1) Dietary factors - fruits and veg = protective, meat and chilli powder = risk factor
2) Genetic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give 5 pre cancerous conditions in carcinoma of the oral cavity?

A

1) Submucous fibrosis
2) Actinic keratosis
3) Lichen planus
4) Leukoplakia and erythroplakia
5) Chronic hyperplastic candidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the mechanism of spread of carcinoma of the oral cavity?

A

Almost always tumour embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Local metastasis of oral carcinoma goes to where?

A

Cervical lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Distant metastasis of oral carcinoma commonly goes to which 4 places?

A

1) Mediastinal lymph nodes
2) Lung
3) Liver
4) Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most common type of cancer of the larynx?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is laryngeal carcinoma historically treated with?

A

Total laryngectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 major risk factors for laryngeal carcinoma?

A

1) Tobacco

2) Alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Infection with what 2 types of HPV is a risk factor for laryngeal carcinoma?

A

Types 6 and 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In addition to HPV infection, tobacco and alcohol, what are the 6 other risk factors for laryngeal carcinoma?

A

1) Diets low in veg, high in meat, fat and salt
2) Metal/ plastic workers
3) Exposure to paint, diesel and gasoline fumes and asbestos
4) Exposure to radiation
5) Laryngopharyngeal reflux
6) Genetic susceptibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Lichen Planus?

A

A non malignant inflammatory condition which is a muco cutaneous condition - involves cutaneous lesions and oral lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is there a risk of malignant transformation in Lichen Planus?

A

A small risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do the cutaneous lesions appear in Lichen Planus?

A

Itchy, purple papules forming plaques with Wickam’s striae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do the oral lesions appear in Lichen Planus?

A

Reticular striations, plaque-like, erosive, ulcerative, desquamative gingivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the suggested pathogenesis of Lichen Planus?

A

T cell mediated autoimmune response

25
Q

What is the pathogenesis of vocal cord nodules and polyps?

A

Reactive lesions which are most often seen in heavy smokers and individuals who impose great strain on their vocal cords - adults and males mostly

26
Q

What is the main symptom associated with vocal cord nodules and polyps?

A

Voice change eg. hoarseness, change in quality and increased effort in producing the voice

27
Q

What part of the larynx are vocal cord nodule and polyps usually located in?

A

True vocal cords

28
Q

What is the pathogenesis of nasal polyps?

A

Related to recurrent attacks of rhinitis which lead to focal protrusions of the mucosa, which may reach 4cm in size - features point to an allergic aetiology but most patients aren’t atopic

29
Q

When do symptoms of nasal polyps tend to occur?

A

When polyps are large and multiple they can start to encroach the airway and impede sinus drainage

30
Q

What is the histology of nasal polyps? 5

A 
Oedematous muscosa
Loose stroma
Hyperplastic mucous glands 
Inflammatory infiltrate
Eosinophils
31
Q

Acute sinusitis is usually preceded by what condition?

A

Acute or chronic rhinitis

32
Q

When may acute sinusitis progress into chronic sinusitis?

A

When there is impairment of sinus drainage

33
Q

Obstruction in sinusitis most commonly affects which sinuses?

A

Ethmoid

34
Q

Where can maxillary sinusitis commonly arise from?

A

Extension of infection from an upper tooth through antral floor

35
Q

The causative organisms of sinusitis are commonly inhabitants of which flora?

A

Oral flora

36
Q

In which patients is sinusitis sometimes caused by fungi?

A

Diabetics

37
Q

What is the major complication of sinusitis?

A

Spread to osteomyelitis, meningitis, cerebral abscess

38
Q

Chronic otitis media commonly results from what?

A

Recurrent and persistent episodes and failure of resolution of acute bacterial infections

39
Q

What are the 3 most common causative organisms in chronic otitis media?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
S aureus
Fungi

40
Q

What are the 4 major complication of otitis media?

A

1) Perforation of eardrum
2) Aural polyps, cholesteatoma
3) Mastoiditis - spreading to cerebral abscess
4) Malignant otitis media

41
Q

What is cholesteatoma and what is it associated with?

A

Associated with chronic otitis media

Get cystic lesions lined by keratinising squamous epithelium and filled with debris and cholesterol

42
Q

Why may a foreign body giant cell reaction occur in cholesteatoma?

A

Lesion precipitates surrounding inflammatory reaction which is enhanced if the cyst ruptures and then results in foreign body giant cell reaction

43
Q

What are the 3 potential complications of cholesteatoma?

A

1) Enlargement leading to erosion of ossicles , labyrinth and adjacent bone and surrounding tissue
2) Hearing loss
3) Very rarely CNS complication (abscess)

44
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

Abnormal bone deposition in the middle ear due to uncoupling of normal bone resorption and bone formation

45
Q

Is otosclerosis usually unilateral or bilateral?

A

Bilateral

46
Q

How does otosclerosis progress?

A

1) Fibrous ankyloses
2) Bony overgrowth
3) Anchorage of middle ear bones to oval window

47
Q

What determines the severity of hearing loss in otosclerosis?

A

Degress of immobilisation of the ossicles, in most cases eventually get marked hearing loss

48
Q

What is the cause of otosclerosis?

A

Most cases are familial

49
Q

What is labyrinthitis?

A

Inflammatory disorder of the inner ear or labyrinth - produces disturbances of balance and hearing

50
Q

By what 2 processes is labyrinthitis caused?

A

1) Acute inflammation of the labyrinth in conjunction with either local or systemic bacterial or viral infections
2) Autoimmune processes eg. Wegener granulomatosis or polyarteritis nodosa

51
Q

What 2 carcinomas are most common in the external ear (pinna)?

A

1) Squamous cell carcinoma

2) Basal cell carcinoma

52
Q

Carcinoma of the external ear tend to occur in which group and are associated with what exposure?

A

Elderly men

Associated with actinic radiation

53
Q

What carcinoma occurs in the ear canal?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

54
Q

In which group is carcinoma of the ear canal most common?

A

Middle aged elderly women

55
Q

Is carcinoma of the ear canal associated with sun expsosure?

A

No

56
Q

What is the most common tumour of the middle ear?

A

Paragangliomas

57
Q

Where do paragangliomas arise?

A

Originating in the paraganglia

58
Q

What are the 6 presenting symptoms of paraganglioma?

A

1) Pulsatile tinnitus
2) Hearing loss
3) Aural pressure/ fullness
4) Dizziness
5) Otalgia
6) Bloody otorrhea

Year 2 Clinical Pathology (64 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions