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BDS2 BASICS > Diseases of the Blood > Flashcards

Diseases of the Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the constituents of blood?

A
  • cell components
  • plasma proteins (albumin and globulin)
  • lipids
  • nutrients
  • water
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2
Q

FBC?

A

Full blood count

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3
Q

RBC?

A

red blood cells

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4
Q

WCC?

A

White cell count

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5
Q

PLT?

A

Platelets

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6
Q

HCT?

A

haematocrit

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7
Q

MCV?

A

Mean cell volume

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8
Q

Anaemia?

A

Low HB

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9
Q

Leukopenia?

A

Low WCC

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10
Q

Thombocytopenia

A

Low platelets

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11
Q

Pancytopenia

A

all cells reduced

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12
Q

Polycythaemia

A

raised Hb

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13
Q

Leukocytosis

A

raised WCC

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14
Q

Thombocythaemia

A

raised platelets

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15
Q

Leukaemia

A

neoplastic proliferation of white cells, usually disseminated

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16
Q

Lymphoma

A

neoplastic proliferation of white cells, usually a solid tumour

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17
Q

Porohyria

A

abnormality of haem metabolism
- hypertension and tachycardia
- photosensitive rash

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18
Q

Transfusion complications?

A
  • incompatible blood
  • fluid overload- heart failure
  • transmission of infection (BBV)
19
Q

What is anaemia?

A

reduction in haemoglobin in the blood from the normal values for that population

20
Q

What does reduced normal red cells result in?

A

Marrow failure

21
Q

Which diseases reduce iron absorption?

A

= coeliac disease
= achlorhydria (lack of stomach acid)

22
Q

what can haemoglobin issues be from?

A

= inability to make the haem (usually iron deficiency) or
= inability to make the correct globin chains (can be sickle cell, thalassemia…)

23
Q

Does anaemia have anything to do with the number of red blood cells?

24
Q

What can give us a clue as to the cause of the anaemia?

A

size of the red blood cells

25
Microcytic and macrocytic?
small and large RBC
26
Anaemia losses (RCC and HCT)
= normal red cells- bleeding (usually GI bleeding) = abnormal red cells (autoimmune/ hereditary (sickle e.g)
27
Anaemia signs and symptoms
= signs pale (mucosa)? tachcardia rarely enlarged liver and spleen = symptoms tired and weak dizzy SOB palpitations
28
What can a smooth tongue indicate?
iron deficiency
29
What can a 'beefy' tongue indicate?
Vit B12 deficiency
30
What are anaemia investigations?
- history - FVC - Gi blood loss - renal function - bone marrow examination
31
Anaemia treatment?
- treat cause - replace haematinics - transfusions - production failure - erythropoeitin - production failure
32
What are the dental aspects of Anaemia?
=General anaesthesia - O2 capacity = deficiency states- iron usually - mucosal atrophy (thinning) - candidiasis - recurrent oral ulceration - sensory changes = check haematinics in mucosal diseases
33
How to differentiate deficiency from bleeding (RCC HCT and MCV)
= low RCC suggests anaemia = low HCT (haematocrit) suggests anaemia = low MCV (mean corpuscular volume) suggests microcytic anaemia / high suggests macrocytic
34
what can cause macrocytic anaemia?
= B12 deficiency = folate deficiency
35
what can cause microcytic anaemia?
iron deficiency chronic bleed (GI?)
36
Normal value for Hb, RCC, WCC, MCV, HCT, PLT
Hemoglobin (Hb): 130-170 g/L for men, and 115-155 g/L for women Red blood cell count (RCC): 4.5-5.5 x 10^12/L for men, and 4.0-5.0 x 10^12/L for women White blood cell count (WCC): 4-11 x 10^9/L Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): 80-100 fL Hematocrit (HCT): 0.40-0.50 L/L for men, and 0.37-0.47 L/L for women Platelet count (PLT): 150-400 x 10^9/L
37
What 4 things can cause a haematological malignancy?
= DNA mutation = switched off a tumor suppressor gene or switched on an oncogene = clonal proliferation = cancer cells (uncontrolled proliferation, loss of apoptosis, loss or normal functions/products)
38
(Leukaemia and Lymphoma) acute lymphoid
acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
39
(Leukaemia and Lymphoma) acute myeloid
acute myeloid leukaemia
40
(Leukaemia and Lymphoma) Chronic Lymphoid
= chronic lymphocytic leukaemia = hodgkin lymphoma = non- hodgkin lymphome = multiple myeloma
41
(Leukaemia and Lymphoma) Chronic myeloid
= chronic myeloid leukaemia = myeloproliferative disorders
42
What does leukaemia describe?
group of cancers of the bone marrow which prevent normal manufacture of the blood and there result in anaemia, infection and bleeding
43
What is the clinical presentation of leukaemia? not sure about this
= anaemia = neutropenia- infection = thrombocytopenia - bleeding
44
Clinical presentation of anaemia?
= symptoms - progresive - breathlessness -tiredness - easily fatigued - chest pain/ angina

BDS2 BASICS (8 decks)

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