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BDS2 BASICS > Diseases of the Blood > Flashcards

Diseases of the Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the constituents of blood?

A
  • cell components
  • plasma proteins (albumin and globulin)
  • lipids
  • nutrients
  • water
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2
Q

FBC?

A

Full blood count

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3
Q

RBC?

A

red blood cells

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4
Q

WCC?

A

White cell count

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5
Q

PLT?

A

Platelets

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6
Q

HCT?

A

haematocrit

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7
Q

MCV?

A

Mean cell volume

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8
Q

Anaemia?

A

Low HB

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9
Q

Leukopenia?

A

Low WCC

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10
Q

Thombocytopenia

A

Low platelets

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11
Q

Pancytopenia

A

all cells reduced

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12
Q

Polycythaemia

A

raised Hb

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13
Q

Leukocytosis

A

raised WCC

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14
Q

Thombocythaemia

A

raised platelets

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15
Q

Leukaemia

A

neoplastic proliferation of white cells, usually disseminated

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16
Q

Lymphoma

A

neoplastic proliferation of white cells, usually a solid tumour

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17
Q

Porohyria

A

abnormality of haem metabolism
- hypertension and tachycardia
- photosensitive rash

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18
Q

Transfusion complications?

A
  • incompatible blood
  • fluid overload- heart failure
  • transmission of infection (BBV)
19
Q

What is anaemia?

A

reduction in haemoglobin in the blood from the normal values for that population

20
Q

What does reduced normal red cells result in?

A

Marrow failure

21
Q

Which diseases reduce iron absorption?

A

= coeliac disease
= achlorhydria (lack of stomach acid)

22
Q

what can haemoglobin issues be from?

A

= inability to make the haem (usually iron deficiency) or
= inability to make the correct globin chains (can be sickle cell, thalassemia…)

23
Q

Does anaemia have anything to do with the number of red blood cells?

A

NO

24
Q

What can give us a clue as to the cause of the anaemia?

A

size of the red blood cells

25
Q

Microcytic and macrocytic?

A

small and large RBC

26
Q

Anaemia losses (RCC and HCT)

A

= normal red cells- bleeding (usually GI bleeding)
= abnormal red cells (autoimmune/ hereditary (sickle e.g)

27
Q

Anaemia signs and symptoms

A

= signs
pale (mucosa)?
tachcardia
rarely enlarged liver and spleen

= symptoms
tired and weak
dizzy
SOB
palpitations

28
Q

What can a smooth tongue indicate?

A

iron deficiency

29
Q

What can a ‘beefy’ tongue indicate?

A

Vit B12 deficiency

30
Q

What are anaemia investigations?

A
  • history
  • FVC
  • Gi blood loss
  • renal function
  • bone marrow examination
31
Q

Anaemia treatment?

A
  • treat cause
  • replace haematinics
  • transfusions - production failure
  • erythropoeitin - production failure
32
Q

What are the dental aspects of Anaemia?

A

=General anaesthesia - O2 capacity
= deficiency states- iron usually
- mucosal atrophy (thinning)
- candidiasis
- recurrent oral ulceration
- sensory changes
= check haematinics in mucosal diseases

33
Q

How to differentiate deficiency from bleeding (RCC HCT and MCV)

A

= low RCC suggests anaemia
= low HCT (haematocrit) suggests anaemia
= low MCV (mean corpuscular volume) suggests microcytic anaemia / high suggests macrocytic

34
Q

what can cause macrocytic anaemia?

A

= B12 deficiency
= folate deficiency

35
Q

what can cause microcytic anaemia?

A

iron deficiency
chronic bleed (GI?)

36
Q

Normal value for Hb, RCC, WCC, MCV, HCT, PLT

A

Hemoglobin (Hb): 130-170 g/L for men, and 115-155 g/L for women
Red blood cell count (RCC): 4.5-5.5 x 10^12/L for men, and 4.0-5.0 x 10^12/L for women
White blood cell count (WCC): 4-11 x 10^9/L
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): 80-100 fL
Hematocrit (HCT): 0.40-0.50 L/L for men, and 0.37-0.47 L/L for women
Platelet count (PLT): 150-400 x 10^9/L

37
Q

What 4 things can cause a haematological malignancy?

A

= DNA mutation
= switched off a tumor suppressor gene or switched on an oncogene
= clonal proliferation
= cancer cells (uncontrolled proliferation, loss of apoptosis, loss or normal functions/products)

38
Q

(Leukaemia and Lymphoma) acute lymphoid

A

acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

39
Q

(Leukaemia and Lymphoma) acute myeloid

A

acute myeloid leukaemia

40
Q

(Leukaemia and Lymphoma) Chronic Lymphoid

A

= chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
= hodgkin lymphoma
= non- hodgkin lymphome
= multiple myeloma

41
Q

(Leukaemia and Lymphoma) Chronic myeloid

A

= chronic myeloid leukaemia
= myeloproliferative disorders

42
Q

What does leukaemia describe?

A

group of cancers of the bone marrow which prevent normal manufacture of the blood and there result in anaemia, infection and bleeding

43
Q

What is the clinical presentation of leukaemia? not sure about this

A

= anaemia
= neutropenia- infection
= thrombocytopenia - bleeding

44
Q

Clinical presentation of anaemia?

A

= symptoms - progresive
- breathlessness
-tiredness
- easily fatigued
- chest pain/ angina

BDS2 BASICS (8 decks)

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