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Microbiology Charts > Diseases of Nervous System and Eyes > Flashcards

Diseases of Nervous System and Eyes Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacterial Meningitis

Major Symptoms

A

Sudden high fever and severe meningeal inflammation

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2
Q 
Bacterial Meningitis
Causative Organsism(s) x5
A 
Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae b
Listeria monocytogenes
Streptococcus agalactiae
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3
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis
Type of Pathogen

A

Bacteria (Gram -)

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4
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis
Mode of Transmission

A

Respiratory droplets

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5
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis
Key Associations

A

N. meningitidis known as the “meningococcus” purple spotted rash; Most common cause of meningitis in those <20 (collegee students in dorms 23x more likely)

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6
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Type of Pathogen

A

Bacteria (Gram +)

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7
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mode of Transmission

A

Respiratory droplets

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8
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Key Associations

A

known as the “pneumococcus”; most common bacterial meningitis in adults

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9
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Haemophilus influenzae b
Type of Pathogen

A

Bacteria (Gram -)

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10
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Haemophilus influenzae b
Mode of Transmission

A

Respiratory droplets

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11
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Haemophilus influenzae b
Key Associations

A

Commonly causes meningitis in children <18 months)

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12
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Listeria monocytogenes
Type of Pathogen

A

Bacteria (Gram +)

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13
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Listeria monocytogenes
Mode of Transmission

A

Contaminated food and drink

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14
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Listeria monocytogenes
Key Associations

A

elderly, babies, pregnant women

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15
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Type of Pathogen

A

Bacteria (Gram +)

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16
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Mode of Transmission

A

At birth via passage through birth canal or by health care personnel

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17
Q

Bacterial Meningitis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Key Associations

A

Meningitis in premature babies and infants < 3 months

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18
Q

Hansen’s Disease

AKA

A

Leprosy

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19
Q

Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)

Major Symptoms

A
  • Tuberculoid leprosy: nonprogressive*, regions of lost sensation as a result of nerve damage;
  • Lepromatous leprosy: progressive*, gradual loss of facial features, digits, other body structures
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20
Q

Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)

Causative Organism

A

Mycobacterium leprae

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21
Q

Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)

Type of Pathogen

A

Bacteria (acid-fast)

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22
Q

Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)

Mode of Transmission

A

Person-to-person contact or break in the skin; can also be acquired from handling or consuming armadillos

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23
Q

Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)

Key Associations

A

Strong immune system = tuberculoid leprosy;
Weaker immune system = lepromatous leprosy;
death is rare

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24
Q

Botulism

Major Symptoms

A

Intoxication; flaccid paralysis; Death can result from asphyxiation- cannot inhale

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25
Q

Botulism

Causative Organism

A

Clostridium botulinum

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26
Q

Botulism

Type of Pathogen

A

Bacteria (Gram +)

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27
Q

Botulism

Mode of Transmission

A

Contaminated food (esp home-canned); honey (infants); endospores enter wounds

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28
Q

Botulism

Key Associations

A

Extremely potent; Infant botulism most common form in US; “floppy baby syndrome”; Category A Bio-terrorist threat

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29
Q

Tetanus

AKA

A

Lockjaw

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30
Q

Tetanus (Lockjaw)

Major Symptoms

A

Characteristic severe muscular contraction; lockjaw; sweating, drooling, grouchiness, constant back spasms; death from asphyxiation- cannot exhale

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31
Q

Tetanus (Lockjaw)

Causative Organism

A

Clostridium tetani

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32
Q

Tetanus (Lockjaw)

Type of Pathogen

A

Bacteria (Gram +)

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33
Q

Tetanus (Lockjaw)

Mode of Transmission

A

Break in skin, mucus membranes; puncture wounds; umbilical stump

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34
Q

Tetanus (Lockjaw)

Key Associations

A
  • Risus sardonicus* = smiling spasm

* Neonatal tetanus* mortality > 90% – infected umbilical stump

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35
Q

Viral meningitis

AKA

A

Aseptic meningitis

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36
Q 
Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis)
Major Symptoms
A

Similar to bacterial meningitis, but milder

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37
Q 
Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis)
Causative Organism
A

Enteroviruses: Poliovirus, Coxsackie virus, Echovirus (90%)

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38
Q 
Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis)
Type of Pathogen
A

RNA Viruses

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39
Q 
Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis)
Mode of Transmission
A

Respiratory droplets and feces

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40
Q 
Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis)
Key Association
A

More common than bacterial and fungal meningitis

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41
Q

Poliomyelitis

Major Symptoms

A

Asymptomatic infections- almost 90% of cases;
Minor polio- nonspecific symptoms;
Nonparalytic polio- muscle spasms and back pain
Paralytic polio (1%)- produces paralysis (can result in bulbar polio)

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42
Q

Poliomyelitis

Causative Organism

A

Poliovirus

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43
Q

Poliomyelitis

Type of Pathogen

A

RNA Virus

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44
Q

Poliomyelitis

Mode of Transmission

A

Transmitted most often by drinking contaminated water (fecal-oral)

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45
Q

Poliomyelitis

Key Associations

A

aka infantile paralysis; Postpolio syndrome (crippling deterioration) common;
2 vaccines: OPV, IPV (no longer give OPV in US*; FDR dx with Polio

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46
Q

Rabies

Major Symptoms

A

Pain/itching at site of infection, fever, malaise, anorexia, CNS: hydrophobia, seizures, disorientation, hallucinations, paralysis

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47
Q

Rabies

Causative Organism

A

Rabies virus

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48
Q

Rabies

Type of Pathogen

A

RNA Virus

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49
Q

Rabies

Mode of Transmission

A

Transmission usually occurs via a bite; virus sometimes introduced through break in the skin or inhalation

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50
Q

Rabies

Key Association

A

Classical zoonotic disease of mammals
Bats- source of most cases of rabies in US; Too late to intervene by the time symptoms occur;
capsid described as “bullet shaped”

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51
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

Major Symptoms

A

Fever, muscle pain, headache, vomiting, seizures 3-10 days after the bite of an infected mosquito

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52
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

Causative Organism

A

Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) Virus

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53
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

Type of Pathogen

A

RNA Virus

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54
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

Mode of Transmission

A

Mosquito Vector

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55
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

Key Associations

A

Arbovirus; found mostly East of Mississippi River, more virulent, higher fatality than WEE virus,
BSL-3; aka sleeping sickness
(NOT the same as African Sleeping sickness)

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56
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis

Major Symptoms

A

Fever, muscle pain, headache, vomiting, seizures 3-10 days after the bite of an infected mosquito

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57
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis

Causative Organism

A

Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) Virus

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58
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis

Type of Pathogen

A

RNA Virus

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59
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis

Mode of Transmission

A

Mosquito Vector

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60
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis

Key Associations

A

Arbovirus; found mostly West of Mississippi River; not as virulent or fatal as EEE virus

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61
Q

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

Major Symptoms

A

Fever, muscle pain, headache, vomiting, seizures 3-10 days after the bite of an infected mosquito

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62
Q

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

Causative Organism

A

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) virus

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63
Q

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

Type of Pathogen

A

RNA Virus

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64
Q

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

Mode of Transmission

A

Mosquito vector

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65
Q

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

Key Associations

A

Arbovirus; found primarily in Texas

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66
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis

Major Symptoms

A

headache, high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, occasional convulsions and spastic paralysis

67
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis

Causative Organism

A

St. Louis Encephalitis virus

68
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis

Type of Pathogen

A

RNA Virus

69
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis

Mode of Transmission

A

Mosquito Vector

70
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis

Key Associations

A

Arbovirus; named after outbreak in St. Louis

71
Q

West Nile Encephalitis

Major Symptoms

A

80% of people asymptomatic; fever, headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting, sometimes swollen lymph glands or a skin rash on the chest, stomach, back

72
Q

West Nile Encephalitis

Causative Organism

A

West Nile Virus

73
Q

West Nile Encephalitis

Type of Pathogen

A

RNA Virus

74
Q

West Nile Encephalitis

Mode of Transmission

A

Mosquito Vector

75
Q

West Nile Encephalitis

Key Associations

A

Arbovirus; avoid handling dead birds

76
Q

California (LaCrosse) Encephalitis

Major Symptoms

A

Initial viremia then encephalatis, fever, or rash; symptoms are usually mild

77
Q

California (LaCrosse) Encephalitis

Causative Organism

A

California encephalitis virus

78
Q

California (LaCrosse) Encephalitis

Type of Pathogen

A

RNA Virus

79
Q

California (LaCrosse) Encephalitis

Mode of Transmission

A

Mosquito Vector

80
Q

California (LaCrosse) Encephalitis

Key Associations

A

Arbovirus

81
Q

Tick Borne Encephalitis

Major Symptoms

A

Sore muscles, fever, then encephalitis, with coma, convulsions, and paralysis

82
Q

Tick Borne Encephalitis

Causative Organism

A

Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

83
Q

Tick Borne Encephalitis

Type of Pathogen

A

RNA Virus

84
Q

Tick Borne Encephalitis

Mode of Transmission

A

Hard Tick Vector

85
Q

Tick Borne Encephalitis

Key Associations

A

Arbovirus; Emerging disease

86
Q

Cryptococcal meningitis

Major Symptoms

A

Similar to bacterial meningitis: headache, dizziness, drowsiness, irritability, confusion, nausea, vomiting, neck stiffness- can progress to loss of vision and coma

87
Q

Cryptococcal meningitis

Causative Organism

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

88
Q

Cryptococcal meningitis

Type of Pathogen

A

Fungus

89
Q

Cryptococcal meningitis

Mode of Transmission

A

Opportunistic pathogen- inhalation of spores or dried yeast cells

90
Q

Cryptococcal meningitis

Key Associations

A

Most common clinical form of Cryptococcal infection

91
Q

Mycetismus

Major Symptoms

A

neurological dysfunction, hallucinations, organ damage, or death

92
Q

Mycetismus

Causative Organism

A

Amanita phalloides
Gyromitra esculenta
Psilocybe cubensis

93
Q

Mycetismus

Type of Pathogen

A

Ingestion

94
Q

Mycetismus
Amanita phalloides
Key Associations

A

“Death cap mushroom”

-deadliest mushroom toxin

95
Q

Mycetismus
Gyromitra esculenta
Key Associations

A

“False Morel”

96
Q

Mycetismus
Psilocybe cubensis
Key Associations

A
  • Hallucinogenic* (psilocybin);

* “magic mushrooms” or “shrooms”*

97
Q

African Sleeping Sickness

AKA

A

Trypanosomiasis

98
Q

African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)

Major Symptoms

A

3 stages: site of fly bite becomes lesion; Fever, lymph node swelling, and headaches; Invasion of CNS = Meningoencephalitis

99
Q

African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)

Causative Organism

A

Trypanosoma bruccei gambiense

Trypanosoma bruccei rhodesiense

100
Q

African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)

Type of Pathogen

A

Protozoan

101
Q

African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)

Mode of Transmission

A

Tsetse fly vector

102
Q

African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)
Trypanosoma bruccei gambiense
Key Associations

A

West African sleeping sickness; more common (95%)

103
Q

African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)
Trypanosoma bruccei rhodesiense
Key Associations

A

East African sleeping sickness; less common (5%)

104
Q

Amebic Meningo-encephalopathy

Major Symptoms

A

Severe headache, fever, vomiting, neurolocial tissue destruction lead to hemorrhage, coma and usually death within 3-7 days

105
Q

Amebic Meningo-encephalopathy

Causative Organism

A

Acanthamoeba

Naegleria fowleri

106
Q

Amebic Meningo-encephalopathy

Type of Pathogen

A

Protozoan

107
Q

Amebic Meningo-encephalopathy

Mode of Transmission

A

Inhalation of contaminated water

108
Q

Amebic Meningo-encephalopathy
Acanthamoeba
Key Associations

A

By the time diagnosed, almost always too late for effective treatment

109
Q

Amebic Meningo-encephalopathy
Naegleria fowleri
Key Associations

A

aka “Brain-eating amoeba”;

By the time diagnosed, almost always too late for effective treatment

110
Q

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)

Major Symptoms

A

Insomnia, weight loss, memory failure, progressive worsening of muscle control

111
Q

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)

Causative Organism

A

Abnormal strains of prion

112
Q

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)

Type of Pathogen

A

Prion

113
Q

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)

Mode of Transmission

A

Most likely from eating BSE contaminated beef

114
Q

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)

Key Associations

A

Spongiform encephalopathy; Emergin disease

115
Q

Trachoma

Major Symptoms

A

Eyelids to turn inward, eyelashes abrade, irritate and scar the cornea, triggering invasion of blood vessels; eventual result is blindness

116
Q

Trachoma

Causative Organism

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

117
Q

Trachoma

Type of Pathogen

A

Bacteria

118
Q

Trachoma

Mode of Transmission

A

Bacteria from genitals introduced to the eyes in birth canal, via fomites or fingers

119
Q

Trachoma

Key Associations

A

Leading cause of nontraumatic blindness in humans

120
Q

Sty

Major Symptoms

A

Infection of hair follicle on eyelid

121
Q

Sty

Causative Organism

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus epidermidis

122
Q

Sty
Staphylococcus aureus
Type of Pathogen

A

Bacteria (Gram +)

123
Q

Sty
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Type of Pathogen

A

Bacteria (Gram +)

124
Q

Sty

Mode of Transmission

A

Direct contact/fomites

125
Q

Sty
Staphylococcus aureus
Key Association

A

more likely cause

126
Q

Opthalmia Neonatorum

Major Symptoms

A

Inflammation of cornea or blindness

127
Q

Opthalmia Neonatorum

Causative Organism

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

128
Q

Opthalmia Neonatorum

Type of Pathogen

A

Bacteria (Gram -)

129
Q

Opthalmia Neonatorum

Mode of Transmission

A

Bacteria from genitals introduced to the eyes in birth canal

130
Q

Opthalmia Neonatorum

Key Associations

A

aka Newborn conjunctivitis

131
Q

Conjunctivitis

AKA

A

Pinkeye

132
Q

Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)

Major Symptoms

A

Red eye, irritation and watering of the eyes are symptoms common to all forms; bacteria causes marked grittiness/irritation and a mucopurulent discharge

133
Q

Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)

Causative Organism

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus aegyptii
Adenovirus

134
Q

Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
Staphylococcus aureus
Type of Pathogen

A

Bacteria (Gram +)

135
Q

Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Type of Pathogen

A

Bacteria (Gram +)

136
Q

Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
Haemophilus aegyptii
Type of Pathogen

A

Bacteria (Gram -)

137
Q

Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
Adenovirus
Type of Pathogen

A

DNA Virus

138
Q

Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)

Mode of Transmission

A

Direct transmission

139
Q

Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
Adenovirus
Key Associations

A

“Swimming pool conjunctivitis”

140
Q

Ocular herpes

Major Symptoms

A

Unilateral, gritty feeling, conjunctivitis, pain, sensitivity to light, corneal lesions- can lead to blindness

141
Q

Ocular herpes

Causative Organism

A

HHV - 1

aka Herpes Simplex

142
Q

Ocular herpes

Type of Pathogen

A

DNA Virus

143
Q

Ocular herpes

Mode of Transmission

A

CLose contact with active lesions

144
Q

Ocular herpes

Key Associations

A

Latent virus in trigeminal ganglion travels down ophthalmic branch

145
Q

Ocular candidiasis

Major Symptoms

A

Eye pain, red eye, blindness

146
Q

Ocular candidiasis

Causative Organism

A

Candida albicans

147
Q

Ocular candidiasis

Type of Pathogen

A

Fungus

148
Q

Ocular candidiasis

Mode of Transmission

A

Opportunistic pathogen

149
Q

Acanthamoeba keratitis

Major Symptoms

A

Extreme eye pain, severe redness

150
Q

Acanthamoeba keratitis

Causative Organism

A

Acanthamoeba

151
Q

Acanthamoeba keratitis

Type of Pathogen

A

Protozoan

152
Q

Acanthamoeba keratitis

Mode of Transmission

A

Enters through cuts, scrapes, conjunctiva

153
Q

Acanthamoeba keratitis

Key Associations

A

Prevent by NEVER using non-sterile solutions to clean or store contact lenses; Emerging disease

154
Q

Loa Loa Filariasis

Major Symptoms

A

Doesn’t normally affect vision, can be painful when moving about the eyeball or across the bridge of teh nose;
Swelling below skin called Calabar swellings

155
Q

Loa Loa Filariasis

Causative Organism

A

Loa Loa

156
Q

Loa Loa Filariasis

Type of Pathogen

A

Nematode

roundworm

157
Q

Loa Loa Filariasis

Mode of Transmission

A

Deer fly or Mango fly vectors

158
Q

Loa Loa Filariasis

Key Associations

A

aka subcutaneous filariasis or loaiasis

159
Q

Onchocerciasis

Major Symptoms

A

Long-term corneal inflammation; leads to blindness

160
Q

Onchocerciasis

Causative Organism

A

Onchocerca valvulus

161
Q

Onchocerciasis

Type of Pathogen

A

Nematode

Roundworm

162
Q

Onchocerciasis

Mode of Transmission

A

Black-fly Vector

163
Q

Onchocerciasis

Key Associations

A

aka River Blindness

Microbiology Charts (5 decks)

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