Diseases of Nervous System and Eyes Flashcards
1
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Major Symptoms
A
Sudden high fever and severe meningeal inflammation
2
Q
Bacterial Meningitis Causative Organsism(s) x5
A
Neisseria meningitidis Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae b Listeria monocytogenes Streptococcus agalactiae
3
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis
Type of Pathogen
A
Bacteria (Gram -)
4
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis
Mode of Transmission
A
Respiratory droplets
5
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis
Key Associations
A
N. meningitidis known as the “meningococcus” purple spotted rash; Most common cause of meningitis in those <20 (collegee students in dorms 23x more likely)
6
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Type of Pathogen
A
Bacteria (Gram +)
7
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mode of Transmission
A
Respiratory droplets
8
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Key Associations
A
known as the “pneumococcus”; most common bacterial meningitis in adults
9
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Haemophilus influenzae b
Type of Pathogen
A
Bacteria (Gram -)
10
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Haemophilus influenzae b
Mode of Transmission
A
Respiratory droplets
11
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Haemophilus influenzae b
Key Associations
A
Commonly causes meningitis in children <18 months)
12
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Listeria monocytogenes
Type of Pathogen
A
Bacteria (Gram +)
13
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Listeria monocytogenes
Mode of Transmission
A
Contaminated food and drink
14
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Listeria monocytogenes
Key Associations
A
elderly, babies, pregnant women
15
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Type of Pathogen
A
Bacteria (Gram +)
16
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Mode of Transmission
A
At birth via passage through birth canal or by health care personnel
17
Q
Bacterial Meningitis
Streptococcus agalactiae
Key Associations
A
Meningitis in premature babies and infants < 3 months
18
Q
Hansen’s Disease
AKA
A
Leprosy
19
Q
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)
Major Symptoms
A
- Tuberculoid leprosy: nonprogressive*, regions of lost sensation as a result of nerve damage;
- Lepromatous leprosy: progressive*, gradual loss of facial features, digits, other body structures
20
Q
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)
Causative Organism
A
Mycobacterium leprae
21
Q
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)
Type of Pathogen
A
Bacteria (acid-fast)
22
Q
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)
Mode of Transmission
A
Person-to-person contact or break in the skin; can also be acquired from handling or consuming armadillos
23
Q
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy)
Key Associations
A
Strong immune system = tuberculoid leprosy;
Weaker immune system = lepromatous leprosy;
death is rare
24
Q
Botulism
Major Symptoms
A
Intoxication; flaccid paralysis; Death can result from asphyxiation- cannot inhale
25
Botulism
| Causative Organism
Clostridium botulinum
26
Botulism
| Type of Pathogen
Bacteria (Gram +)
27
Botulism
| Mode of Transmission
Contaminated food (esp home-canned); honey (infants); endospores enter wounds
28
Botulism
| Key Associations
*Extremely potent; Infant botulism most common form in US; "floppy baby syndrome"; Category A* Bio-terrorist threat
29
Tetanus
| AKA
Lockjaw
30
Tetanus (Lockjaw)
| Major Symptoms
Characteristic *severe muscular contraction; lockjaw*; sweating, drooling, grouchiness, constant back spasms; *death* from asphyxiation- *cannot exhale*
31
Tetanus (Lockjaw)
| Causative Organism
Clostridium tetani
32
Tetanus (Lockjaw)
| Type of Pathogen
Bacteria (Gram +)
33
Tetanus (Lockjaw)
| Mode of Transmission
Break in skin, mucus membranes; puncture wounds; umbilical stump
34
Tetanus (Lockjaw)
| Key Associations
* Risus sardonicus* = smiling spasm
| * Neonatal tetanus* mortality > 90% -- *infected umbilical stump*
35
Viral meningitis
| AKA
Aseptic meningitis
36
```
Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis)
Major Symptoms
```
Similar to bacterial meningitis, but milder
37
```
Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis)
Causative Organism
```
Enteroviruses: Poliovirus, Coxsackie virus, Echovirus *(90%)*
38
```
Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis)
Type of Pathogen
```
RNA Viruses
39
```
Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis)
Mode of Transmission
```
Respiratory droplets and feces
40
```
Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis)
Key Association
```
*More common than bacterial and fungal meningitis*
41
Poliomyelitis
| Major Symptoms
Asymptomatic infections- *almost 90% of cases*;
Minor polio- nonspecific symptoms;
Nonparalytic polio- muscle spasms and back pain
Paralytic polio (*1%*)- produces paralysis (can result in *bulbar polio*)
42
Poliomyelitis
| Causative Organism
Poliovirus
43
Poliomyelitis
| Type of Pathogen
RNA Virus
44
Poliomyelitis
| Mode of Transmission
Transmitted most often by drinking contaminated water (fecal-oral)
45
Poliomyelitis
| Key Associations
aka *infantile paralysis; Postpolio syndrome* (crippling deterioration) common;
2 vaccines: OPV, IPV (*no longer give OPV* in US*; FDR dx with Polio
46
Rabies
| Major Symptoms
Pain/itching at site of infection, fever, malaise, anorexia, CNS: hydrophobia, seizures, disorientation, hallucinations, paralysis
47
Rabies
| Causative Organism
Rabies virus
48
Rabies
| Type of Pathogen
RNA Virus
49
Rabies
| Mode of Transmission
*Transmission usually occurs via a bite*; virus sometimes introduced through break in the skin or inhalation
50
Rabies
| Key Association
*Classical zoonotic disease* of mammals
*Bats- source of most cases of rabies in US; Too late to intervene by the time symptoms occur*;
capsid described as *"bullet shaped"*
51
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
| Major Symptoms
Fever, muscle pain, headache, vomiting, seizures 3-10 days after the bite of an infected mosquito
52
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
| Causative Organism
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) Virus
53
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
| Type of Pathogen
RNA Virus
54
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
| Mode of Transmission
*Mosquito* Vector
55
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
| Key Associations
*Arbovirus*; found mostly East of Mississippi River, more virulent, higher fatality than WEE virus,
*BSL-3; aka sleeping sickness*
(*NOT* the same as African Sleeping sickness)
56
Western Equine Encephalitis
| Major Symptoms
Fever, muscle pain, headache, vomiting, seizures 3-10 days after the bite of an infected mosquito
57
Western Equine Encephalitis
| Causative Organism
Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) Virus
58
Western Equine Encephalitis
| Type of Pathogen
RNA Virus
59
Western Equine Encephalitis
| Mode of Transmission
*Mosquito* Vector
60
Western Equine Encephalitis
| Key Associations
*Arbovirus*; found mostly West of Mississippi River; not as virulent or fatal as EEE virus
61
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
| Major Symptoms
Fever, muscle pain, headache, vomiting, seizures 3-10 days after the bite of an infected mosquito
62
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
| Causative Organism
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) virus
63
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
| Type of Pathogen
RNA Virus
64
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
| Mode of Transmission
*Mosquito* vector
65
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
| Key Associations
*Arbovirus*; found primarily in Texas
66
St. Louis Encephalitis
| Major Symptoms
headache, high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, occasional convulsions and spastic paralysis
67
St. Louis Encephalitis
| Causative Organism
St. Louis Encephalitis virus
68
St. Louis Encephalitis
| Type of Pathogen
RNA Virus
69
St. Louis Encephalitis
| Mode of Transmission
*Mosquito* Vector
70
St. Louis Encephalitis
| Key Associations
*Arbovirus*; named after outbreak in St. Louis
71
West Nile Encephalitis
| Major Symptoms
*80% of people asymptomatic*; fever, headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting, sometimes swollen lymph glands or a skin rash on the chest, stomach, back
72
West Nile Encephalitis
| Causative Organism
West Nile Virus
73
West Nile Encephalitis
| Type of Pathogen
RNA Virus
74
West Nile Encephalitis
| Mode of Transmission
*Mosquito* Vector
75
West Nile Encephalitis
| Key Associations
*Arbovirus*; avoid handling dead birds
76
California (LaCrosse) Encephalitis
| Major Symptoms
Initial viremia then encephalatis, fever, or rash; symptoms are usually mild
77
California (LaCrosse) Encephalitis
| Causative Organism
California encephalitis virus
78
California (LaCrosse) Encephalitis
| Type of Pathogen
RNA Virus
79
California (LaCrosse) Encephalitis
| Mode of Transmission
*Mosquito* Vector
80
California (LaCrosse) Encephalitis
| Key Associations
*Arbovirus*
81
Tick Borne Encephalitis
| Major Symptoms
Sore muscles, fever, then encephalitis, with coma, convulsions, and paralysis
82
Tick Borne Encephalitis
| Causative Organism
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus
83
Tick Borne Encephalitis
| Type of Pathogen
RNA Virus
84
Tick Borne Encephalitis
| Mode of Transmission
Hard *Tick* Vector
85
Tick Borne Encephalitis
| Key Associations
*Arbovirus; Emerging disease*
86
Cryptococcal meningitis
| Major Symptoms
Similar to bacterial meningitis: headache, dizziness, drowsiness, irritability, confusion, nausea, vomiting, neck stiffness- can progress to loss of vision and coma
87
Cryptococcal meningitis
| Causative Organism
Cryptococcus neoformans
88
Cryptococcal meningitis
| Type of Pathogen
Fungus
89
Cryptococcal meningitis
| Mode of Transmission
Opportunistic pathogen- inhalation of spores or dried yeast cells
90
Cryptococcal meningitis
| Key Associations
*Most common clinical form of Cryptococcal infection*
91
Mycetismus
| Major Symptoms
neurological dysfunction, hallucinations, organ damage, or death
92
Mycetismus
| Causative Organism
Amanita phalloides
Gyromitra esculenta
Psilocybe cubensis
93
Mycetismus
| Type of Pathogen
Ingestion
94
Mycetismus
Amanita phalloides
Key Associations
"Death cap mushroom"
| *-deadliest mushroom toxin*
95
Mycetismus
Gyromitra esculenta
Key Associations
"False Morel"
96
Mycetismus
Psilocybe cubensis
Key Associations
* Hallucinogenic* (psilocybin);
| * "magic mushrooms" or "shrooms"*
97
African Sleeping Sickness
| AKA
Trypanosomiasis
98
African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)
| Major Symptoms
3 stages: site of fly bite becomes lesion; Fever, lymph node swelling, and headaches; Invasion of CNS = Meningoencephalitis
99
African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)
| Causative Organism
Trypanosoma bruccei gambiense
| Trypanosoma bruccei rhodesiense
100
African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)
| Type of Pathogen
Protozoan
101
African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)
| Mode of Transmission
*Tsetse fly* vector
102
African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)
Trypanosoma bruccei gambiense
Key Associations
West African sleeping sickness; *more common (95%)*
103
African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosomiasis)
Trypanosoma bruccei rhodesiense
Key Associations
East African sleeping sickness; *less common (5%)*
104
Amebic Meningo-encephalopathy
| Major Symptoms
Severe headache, fever, vomiting, neurolocial tissue destruction lead to hemorrhage, coma and usually death within 3-7 days
105
Amebic Meningo-encephalopathy
| Causative Organism
Acanthamoeba
| Naegleria fowleri
106
Amebic Meningo-encephalopathy
| Type of Pathogen
Protozoan
107
Amebic Meningo-encephalopathy
| Mode of Transmission
*Inhalation* of contaminated water
108
Amebic Meningo-encephalopathy
Acanthamoeba
Key Associations
By the time diagnosed, almost always too late for effective treatment
109
Amebic Meningo-encephalopathy
Naegleria fowleri
Key Associations
aka *"Brain-eating amoeba"*;
| By the time diagnosed, almost always too late for effective treatment
110
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)
| Major Symptoms
Insomnia, weight loss, memory failure, progressive worsening of muscle control
111
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)
| Causative Organism
Abnormal strains of prion
112
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)
| Type of Pathogen
Prion
113
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)
| Mode of Transmission
Most likely from eating BSE contaminated beef
114
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)
| Key Associations
*Spongiform encephalopathy; Emergin disease*
115
Trachoma
| Major Symptoms
Eyelids to turn inward, eyelashes abrade, irritate and scar the cornea, triggering invasion of blood vessels; eventual result is *blindness*
116
Trachoma
| Causative Organism
Chlamydia trachomatis
117
Trachoma
| Type of Pathogen
Bacteria
118
Trachoma
| Mode of Transmission
Bacteria from genitals introduced to the eyes in birth canal, via fomites or fingers
119
Trachoma
| Key Associations
*Leading cause of nontraumatic blindness in humans*
120
Sty
| Major Symptoms
Infection of hair follicle on eyelid
121
Sty
| Causative Organism
Staphylococcus aureus
| Staphylococcus epidermidis
122
Sty
Staphylococcus aureus
Type of Pathogen
Bacteria (Gram +)
123
Sty
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Type of Pathogen
Bacteria (Gram +)
124
Sty
| Mode of Transmission
Direct contact/fomites
125
Sty
Staphylococcus aureus
Key Association
more likely cause
126
Opthalmia Neonatorum
| Major Symptoms
Inflammation of cornea or blindness
127
Opthalmia Neonatorum
| Causative Organism
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
128
Opthalmia Neonatorum
| Type of Pathogen
Bacteria (Gram -)
129
Opthalmia Neonatorum
| Mode of Transmission
Bacteria from genitals introduced to the eyes in birth canal
130
Opthalmia Neonatorum
| Key Associations
aka *Newborn conjunctivitis*
131
Conjunctivitis
| AKA
Pinkeye
132
Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
| Major Symptoms
Red eye, irritation and watering of the eyes are symptoms common to all forms; bacteria causes marked grittiness/irritation and a mucopurulent discharge
133
Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
| Causative Organism
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus aegyptii
Adenovirus
134
Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
Staphylococcus aureus
Type of Pathogen
Bacteria (Gram +)
135
Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Type of Pathogen
Bacteria (Gram +)
136
Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
Haemophilus aegyptii
Type of Pathogen
Bacteria (Gram -)
137
Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
Adenovirus
Type of Pathogen
DNA Virus
138
Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
| Mode of Transmission
Direct transmission
139
Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)
Adenovirus
Key Associations
"Swimming pool conjunctivitis"
140
Ocular herpes
| Major Symptoms
Unilateral, gritty feeling, conjunctivitis, pain, sensitivity to light, corneal lesions- can lead to *blindness*
141
Ocular herpes
| Causative Organism
HHV - 1
| aka Herpes Simplex
142
Ocular herpes
| Type of Pathogen
DNA Virus
143
Ocular herpes
| Mode of Transmission
CLose contact with active lesions
144
Ocular herpes
| Key Associations
*Latent virus* in *trigeminal ganglion* travels down *ophthalmic branch*
145
Ocular candidiasis
| Major Symptoms
Eye pain, red eye, blindness
146
Ocular candidiasis
| Causative Organism
Candida albicans
147
Ocular candidiasis
| Type of Pathogen
Fungus
148
Ocular candidiasis
| Mode of Transmission
Opportunistic pathogen
149
Acanthamoeba keratitis
| Major Symptoms
Extreme eye pain, severe redness
150
Acanthamoeba keratitis
| Causative Organism
Acanthamoeba
151
Acanthamoeba keratitis
| Type of Pathogen
Protozoan
152
Acanthamoeba keratitis
| Mode of Transmission
Enters through cuts, scrapes, conjunctiva
153
Acanthamoeba keratitis
| Key Associations
Prevent by *NEVER using non-sterile solutions to clean or store contact lenses; Emerging disease*
154
Loa Loa Filariasis
| Major Symptoms
Doesn't normally affect vision, can be painful when moving about the eyeball or across the bridge of teh nose;
Swelling below skin called *Calabar swellings*
155
Loa Loa Filariasis
| Causative Organism
Loa Loa
156
Loa Loa Filariasis
| Type of Pathogen
Nematode
| roundworm
157
Loa Loa Filariasis
| Mode of Transmission
*Deer fly or Mango fly* vectors
158
Loa Loa Filariasis
| Key Associations
aka *subcutaneous filariasis or loaiasis*
159
Onchocerciasis
| Major Symptoms
Long-term corneal inflammation; leads to blindness
160
Onchocerciasis
| Causative Organism
Onchocerca valvulus
161
Onchocerciasis
| Type of Pathogen
Nematode
| Roundworm
162
Onchocerciasis
| Mode of Transmission
*Black-fly* Vector
163
Onchocerciasis
| Key Associations
aka *River Blindness*
