Diseases/Clinical Stuff Flashcards
- Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder caused by a reduced number in functioning Ach receptor sites as antibodies block receptors -> affects postsynaptic neuromuscular junction
- Signs: fatigue and muscle weakness esp during activity that starts usually with eye muscles, may involve de-involuted thymus.
- Can be treated with an immunosuppressant and Ach esterase inhibitors.
Myasthenia gravis
- autoimmune
- Demyelination of axons resulting in conduction system problems
- Symptoms: Tingling, numbness, muscle weakness/spasms, difficulties with coordination and balance, can impair respiration
Multiple Scerlosis
- cortisol induces the Type 2 penumocyte development
- main cause is lack of surfactant (so too few type 2 cells) -> alveoli collapse on each successive exhalation
- breathing is difficuly
- Most cases are seen in babies born before 28 weeks! It is very uncommon in infants born full-term (at 40 weeks)
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- dysfunction of microtubules resulting from absence in dynein arms in cilia so cilia lose their mobility and cannot move mucous out of their lungs and other organs
- symptoms: situs inversus, hearing loss, infertility, respiratory infections
Kartagener Syndrome/Primary Cilia dyskinesia
common recessive genetic disease caused by mutation in the gene for the CFTR protein -> defective Cl- channel that results in the mucous losing hydration, becomes more viscous and accumulates -> traps bacteria. Also affects sweat and digestive juices, so sweat test is used to detect defective chloride ion channel
- symptoms: dyspnea (difficulty breathing), infertility, chronic resp infections, many other signs GERD, dyspnea, groeth failure, vitamin deficiencies
Cystic Fibrosis
- lung condition characterized by permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchiole.
- enlargement caused by chronic obstruction of airflow, narrowing of bronchioles and its accompanied by destruction of alveolar wall -> loss of gas exchange area “barrel chest”
- Small airways in thelungs collapse during forced exhalation
- lack of alpha-1 antitrysin to protect against neutrophils leads to loss of elastic fibers and chronic bronchitis
- Symptoms includeshortness of breathon exertion, and anexpanded chest
- a hyperresonant sound is heard
Emphysema
- Hypersecretion of aldosterone
- Often caused by a non-cancerous tumor
- Most common between the ages of 30 and 50
- Symptoms: fatigue, headache, low serum potassium, high blood pressure, intermittent paralysis, muscle weakness, and numbness.
Hyperaldosteronism
- Excess production of corticosteroids
- Often due to overproduction of ACTH by a pituitary adenoma
- Symptoms: weight gain in the face, moon face, above the collar bone and on the back of the neck, skin changes with easy bruising, excess hair growth on the face, neck, chest, abdomen, and thigh, generalized weakness and fatigue, loss of muscles, menstrual disorders in women, decreased fertility and/or sex drive, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar.
Cushing’s Syndrome
- Tumor of chromaffin cells
- Excessive production of epinephrine (medullary reg of suprarenal gland)
- Symptoms: high blood pressure, headaches, excess sweating, racing heart, rapid breathing, anxiety, nervousness, pain in the lower chest or upper abdomen, nausea, orheat intolerance
Pheochromocytoma
high K
hypoaldosteronism
- Condition in which cells from the lining of theuterusappear and flourish outside theuterine cavity, most commonly on the ovaries.
- These cells in areas outside the uterus are influenced by hormonal changes and respond in a way that is similar to the cells found inside the uterus. Symptoms often worsen with the menstrual cycle.
- typically seen during the reproductive years.
- Symptoms: pelvic painin various manifestations.
Endometriosis
-most common gynecologic cancers in the United States
Endometrial Cancer
- Benign tumorsthat originate from the myometrium and the accompanying connective tissue of theuterus.
- most common benign tumors in females and typically found during the middle and later reproductive years.
uterine fibroids
-Common: chances are 1 in 6 during lifetime
Incidence increases with age: likelihood is 70% between 70 and 80 years of age
-Affects primarily the peripheral zone of the prostate
-PSA
-Often metastasizes to vertebral column
Prostatic Cancer
- From stratum basale
- Most common- 1 in 3 -caucasians
- Rarely metastisizes
- Raised, smooth, pearly bump on the sun-exposed skin
basal cell carcinoma
- From stratum spinosum
- Second most common skin cancer
- May also been found on lips, in mouth or digestive tract
- Red, scaling, thickened patch on sun-exposed skin
- Ulceration and bleeding may occur
squamous cell carcinoma
From melanocytes Usually brown or black "ABCDE” A= asymmetrical B= "borders" (irregular) C= "color" (variegated) D= "diameter“ > 6mm E= enlarging Relatively rare, poor prognosis
melanoma
-Iron deficiency Most common (20% of women of reproductive age) GI blood loss- occult blood test -Globin synthesis Thalassemia Autosomal recessive Mediterranean decent
microcytc anemia
