Diseases and Risk Factors Flashcards
1
Q
Epidemiology
A
- Medical science that deals with incidence, distribution, and control of a disease in a population, including factors that may control the presene or absence of a disease
2
Q
Pediatric and Neonatal Age Risk Factors and Effects on Therapy
A
- Neonates’ organs are not fully developed until 1 year
- Pediatric patients’ organ and immune systems may not be fully developed
- Other factors that help determine the amount of drug given: weight, height, body surface area
3
Q
Geriatric Age Risk Factors and Effects on Therapy
A
- Young old: 65-74; middle old: 75-84; old old: 85+
- Physiologic changes: optic, auditory, GI, pulmonary, cardiovascular, urinary, hormonal, body composition
- Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs change which affects the drug amount and frequency of dose
- Other risk factors: multiple health issues, lower weight, increase in adverse reactions
4
Q
Gender Risk Factors
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- Gender may make an individual more prone to a disease condition or affect how a drug may work
- Hormone changes can have an effect on the development of a disease
5
Q
Genetic Risk Factors
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- There is a link between heredity and disease
- Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Hemophilia
6
Q
Immune System Risk Factors
A
- An impaired immune system may make an individual more susceptible to bacterial or fungal infections
- HIV and AIDS result from an impaired immune system
7
Q
Race Risk Factors
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- Sickle cell anemia targets African-Americans
- African-American males have a higher prediposition toward hypertension and attention deficit disorder
- Caucasians are predisposed to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and type I diabetes
8
Q
Angina
A
- Chest pain due to an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand
9
Q
Anxiety
A
- A state of uneasiness characterized by apprehension and worrying about possible events
10
Q
Asthma
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- Characterized by reversible small airway obstruction, progressive airway inflammation, and increased airway responsiveness from both endogenous and exogenous stimuli
- Symptoms: wheezing, dyspnea, coughing
11
Q
Bacterial Infections
A
- Occur when the immune system can’t resist bacteri
- Symptoms: fever > 101°F, increase in white blood cells > 12,000
12
Q
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
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- An enlargement of a the prostate of a male as he ages
13
Q
Bipolar Disease
A
- Depressive psychosis alternating between phases of mania and depression
- Mania is characterized by exhibiting 3 of the following: increased need for sleep, distractibility, elevated or irritated mood, excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with a potential for painful consequences, grandiose ideas, increase in activity, pressure to keep talking, racing thoughts
14
Q
Bronchitis
A
- The lungs’ defense mechanisms have been destroyed by cigarette smoke, occupational dusts, fumes, environmental pollution or bacterical infections
- Symptoms: cough producing a purulent, green or blood-soaked sputum
15
Q
Congestive Heart Failure
A
- The heart is unable to meet the metabolic needs of the tissues, resulting in the heart pumping less blood than it receives
16
Q
Constipation
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- Result of low fiber diets
- Decreased colon content, increased colon pressure, decreased propulsive motility
17
Q
Depression
A
- Psychatric disorer that may be caused by changes in neurotransmitters in the brain (e.g. dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine)
- Symptoms: loss of interest in normal activities, low self-esteem, pessimism, self-pity, weight loss or gain, insomnia, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, feelings of guilt, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
18
Q
Diabetes
A
- Gestational - occurs in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy; treated with exercise, diet, and insulin
- Type I - an individual can’t produce insulin making them insulin dependent
- Type II - occurs in individuals with impaired insulin secretion who are often insulin resistant; treated with weight loss via diet and exercise
- Secondary - caused by oral contraceptives, beta-blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, glucocorticoids, phenytoin
19
Q
Drug Induced Ulcers
A
- Ulcers caused by meds like aspirin, anti-inflammatory agents, corticosteroids, potssium chloride, methotrexte, iron
20
Q
Emphysema
A
- Destruction of alveoli, walls, or air sacs of the lungs resulting in an obstruction of the airflow on expiration
- May be caused by cigarette smoke, air pollution, occpational exposure, or genetic factors
21
Q
Epilepsy
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- Abnormal electrical discharges in the cerebral cotex that may result in recurring paroxysmal seizures
22
Q
Fungal Infections
A
- Infections caused by single cell organims that don’t have chlorphyll, possess a cell wall, and reprodce by spores
- Develop in indiviuals with immune systems compromised by disease, drug therapy, or poor nutrition
23
Q
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
(GERD)
A
- Characterized by radiating burning or chest pain and the presence of an acid taste
24
Q
Hyperlipidemia
A
- An elevation of one or more lipoprotein levels
- May be genetically determined
25
Hypertension
* Systolic pressure (cardiac output) \> 140mmHg
* Diastolic pressur (total peripheral resistance) \> 90mmHg
* Disease does not have symptoms
26
Hyperthyroidism
| (Graves' Disease)
* Excessive secretion of thyroid
* Symptoms: decreased menses, diarrhea, exophthalmos, flushing of the skin, heat intolerance, nervousness, perspiration, tachycardia, and possible weight loss
27
Hypothyroidism
* Deficiency of thyroid hormone possibly attributable to an iodine deficiency, inflammation of the thyroid, or autoimmune destruction of the thyroid
* Symptoms: apathy, constipation, decreased heart rate, dry skin/nails/scalp, fatigue, enlarged thyroid, lowered voice pitch, myxedema, puffy face, reduced mental acuity, swelling of the eyelids, enlarged tongue, possible weight gain
28
Insomnia
* Inability to sleep or remain asleep which may be caused by situatios, meds or psychiatric or medical conditions
29
Mania
* Mood of extreme excitement, excessive elation, hyperactivit, agitation, and inreased psychomotor activity
30
Myocardial Infarction
* A reduced oxygen supply causes the heart muscle to be deprived and muscle cells to die
* May be caused by angina, excessive alcohol consumption, dyspnea on exertion, reduced pulmonary vital capacity, cigarette smoking, atherosclerosis
* Symptoms: burning tightness or squeezing of chest, choking, substantial pain radiating to neck, throat, jaw, shoulders, arms
31
Obesity
* Body weight consists of greater fat than is considered nomal
* Males = 25% \> ideal weight
* Females = 35% \> ideal weight
32
Panic Disorders
* Intense anxiety characterized by a sense of fear, apprehension, or a premonition of serious illness or a life-threatening attack
33
Schizophrenia
* Chronic psychotic disorder characterized by a retreat from reality, delusions, hallucinations, ambivalence, withdawal, or regressive behavior
34
Stroke
* Interruption of the oxygen supply to a specific area of the brain caused by a rupture or obstruction of the blood vessel, resulting in a loss of consciousness
* Complications may include retinopathy, neuropathy, vascular problems, kidney damage
35
Tuberculosis
* Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosi and spread by leukocytes and the lymph in the body
* Spread by respiratory droplets inhaled into the lungs of another person
36
Ulcers
* Disorder of the upper GI tract caused by excessive acid secretion
* Gastric - local excavations of the gastric mucosa occurring more often in men from the Western hemisphere
* Duodenal - in the duodenum of intestine, usually caused by hypersecretion of acid
* Stress - develop from the break down of natural mucosal resistance from severe physiological stress of illness
37
Urinary Tract Infections
* Presence of bacteria in the urinary tract with localized symptoms inluding blood in the urine, fever, burning sensation
38
Viral Infections
* Caused by agents smaller than bacteria, normall spread by direct contact, ingestion of contaminated food/water, or inhalation of airborne particles
* Acute, chronic, or slow
* Local or generalized
* Symptoms - more severe than bacterial infections, malaise, myalgia, headaches, chills, fever
