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PTCE > Diseases and Risk Factors > Flashcards

Diseases and Risk Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A
  • Medical science that deals with incidence, distribution, and control of a disease in a population, including factors that may control the presene or absence of a disease
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2
Q

Pediatric and Neonatal Age Risk Factors and Effects on Therapy

A
  • Neonates’ organs are not fully developed until 1 year
  • Pediatric patients’ organ and immune systems may not be fully developed
  • Other factors that help determine the amount of drug given: weight, height, body surface area
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3
Q

Geriatric Age Risk Factors and Effects on Therapy

A
  • Young old: 65-74; middle old: 75-84; old old: 85+
  • Physiologic changes: optic, auditory, GI, pulmonary, cardiovascular, urinary, hormonal, body composition
  • Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs change which affects the drug amount and frequency of dose
  • Other risk factors: multiple health issues, lower weight, increase in adverse reactions
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4
Q

Gender Risk Factors

A
  • Gender may make an individual more prone to a disease condition or affect how a drug may work
  • Hormone changes can have an effect on the development of a disease
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5
Q

Genetic Risk Factors

A
  • There is a link between heredity and disease
    • Hypertension
    • Diabetes
    • Hemophilia
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6
Q

Immune System Risk Factors

A
  • An impaired immune system may make an individual more susceptible to bacterial or fungal infections
    • HIV and AIDS result from an impaired immune system
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7
Q

Race Risk Factors

A
  • Sickle cell anemia targets African-Americans
  • African-American males have a higher prediposition toward hypertension and attention deficit disorder
  • Caucasians are predisposed to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and type I diabetes
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8
Q

Angina

A
  • Chest pain due to an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand
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9
Q

Anxiety

A
  • A state of uneasiness characterized by apprehension and worrying about possible events
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10
Q

Asthma

A
  • Characterized by reversible small airway obstruction, progressive airway inflammation, and increased airway responsiveness from both endogenous and exogenous stimuli
  • Symptoms: wheezing, dyspnea, coughing
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11
Q

Bacterial Infections

A
  • Occur when the immune system can’t resist bacteri
  • Symptoms: fever > 101°F, increase in white blood cells > 12,000
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12
Q

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

A
  • An enlargement of a the prostate of a male as he ages
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13
Q

Bipolar Disease

A
  • Depressive psychosis alternating between phases of mania and depression
  • Mania is characterized by exhibiting 3 of the following: increased need for sleep, distractibility, elevated or irritated mood, excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with a potential for painful consequences, grandiose ideas, increase in activity, pressure to keep talking, racing thoughts
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14
Q

Bronchitis

A
  • The lungs’ defense mechanisms have been destroyed by cigarette smoke, occupational dusts, fumes, environmental pollution or bacterical infections
  • Symptoms: cough producing a purulent, green or blood-soaked sputum
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15
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A
  • The heart is unable to meet the metabolic needs of the tissues, resulting in the heart pumping less blood than it receives
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16
Q

Constipation

A
  • Result of low fiber diets
  • Decreased colon content, increased colon pressure, decreased propulsive motility
17
Q

Depression

A
  • Psychatric disorer that may be caused by changes in neurotransmitters in the brain (e.g. dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine)
  • Symptoms: loss of interest in normal activities, low self-esteem, pessimism, self-pity, weight loss or gain, insomnia, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, feelings of guilt, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
18
Q

Diabetes

A
  • Gestational - occurs in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy; treated with exercise, diet, and insulin
  • Type I - an individual can’t produce insulin making them insulin dependent
  • Type II - occurs in individuals with impaired insulin secretion who are often insulin resistant; treated with weight loss via diet and exercise
  • Secondary - caused by oral contraceptives, beta-blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, glucocorticoids, phenytoin
19
Q

Drug Induced Ulcers

A
  • Ulcers caused by meds like aspirin, anti-inflammatory agents, corticosteroids, potssium chloride, methotrexte, iron
20
Q

Emphysema

A
  • Destruction of alveoli, walls, or air sacs of the lungs resulting in an obstruction of the airflow on expiration
  • May be caused by cigarette smoke, air pollution, occpational exposure, or genetic factors
21
Q

Epilepsy

A
  • Abnormal electrical discharges in the cerebral cotex that may result in recurring paroxysmal seizures
22
Q

Fungal Infections

A
  • Infections caused by single cell organims that don’t have chlorphyll, possess a cell wall, and reprodce by spores
  • Develop in indiviuals with immune systems compromised by disease, drug therapy, or poor nutrition
23
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

(GERD)

A
  • Characterized by radiating burning or chest pain and the presence of an acid taste
24
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A
  • An elevation of one or more lipoprotein levels
  • May be genetically determined
25
Q

Hypertension

A
  • Systolic pressure (cardiac output) > 140mmHg
  • Diastolic pressur (total peripheral resistance) > 90mmHg
  • Disease does not have symptoms
26
Q

Hyperthyroidism

(Graves’ Disease)

A
  • Excessive secretion of thyroid
  • Symptoms: decreased menses, diarrhea, exophthalmos, flushing of the skin, heat intolerance, nervousness, perspiration, tachycardia, and possible weight loss
27
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • Deficiency of thyroid hormone possibly attributable to an iodine deficiency, inflammation of the thyroid, or autoimmune destruction of the thyroid
  • Symptoms: apathy, constipation, decreased heart rate, dry skin/nails/scalp, fatigue, enlarged thyroid, lowered voice pitch, myxedema, puffy face, reduced mental acuity, swelling of the eyelids, enlarged tongue, possible weight gain
28
Q

Insomnia

A
  • Inability to sleep or remain asleep which may be caused by situatios, meds or psychiatric or medical conditions
29
Q

Mania

A
  • Mood of extreme excitement, excessive elation, hyperactivit, agitation, and inreased psychomotor activity
30
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A
  • A reduced oxygen supply causes the heart muscle to be deprived and muscle cells to die
  • May be caused by angina, excessive alcohol consumption, dyspnea on exertion, reduced pulmonary vital capacity, cigarette smoking, atherosclerosis
  • Symptoms: burning tightness or squeezing of chest, choking, substantial pain radiating to neck, throat, jaw, shoulders, arms
31
Q

Obesity

A
  • Body weight consists of greater fat than is considered nomal
  • Males = 25% > ideal weight
  • Females = 35% > ideal weight
32
Q

Panic Disorders

A
  • Intense anxiety characterized by a sense of fear, apprehension, or a premonition of serious illness or a life-threatening attack
33
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • Chronic psychotic disorder characterized by a retreat from reality, delusions, hallucinations, ambivalence, withdawal, or regressive behavior
34
Q

Stroke

A
  • Interruption of the oxygen supply to a specific area of the brain caused by a rupture or obstruction of the blood vessel, resulting in a loss of consciousness
  • Complications may include retinopathy, neuropathy, vascular problems, kidney damage
35
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosi and spread by leukocytes and the lymph in the body
  • Spread by respiratory droplets inhaled into the lungs of another person
36
Q

Ulcers

A
  • Disorder of the upper GI tract caused by excessive acid secretion
  • Gastric - local excavations of the gastric mucosa occurring more often in men from the Western hemisphere
  • Duodenal - in the duodenum of intestine, usually caused by hypersecretion of acid
  • Stress - develop from the break down of natural mucosal resistance from severe physiological stress of illness
37
Q

Urinary Tract Infections

A
  • Presence of bacteria in the urinary tract with localized symptoms inluding blood in the urine, fever, burning sensation
38
Q

Viral Infections

A
  • Caused by agents smaller than bacteria, normall spread by direct contact, ingestion of contaminated food/water, or inhalation of airborne particles
  • Acute, chronic, or slow
  • Local or generalized
  • Symptoms - more severe than bacterial infections, malaise, myalgia, headaches, chills, fever

PTCE (5 decks)

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