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Cardio > Diseases > Flashcards

Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What conditions is defibrillation used for?

A

Ventricular fibrillation

Pulseless ventricular tachycardia

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2
Q

What is Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

A

Congenital condition with abnormal communication between atria and ventricles
Gives supraventricualr tachycardia (reentrant tachycardia circuit)

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3
Q

What is the valsalva manoeuvre and what is it used for?

A

Blowing out against blocked airways (pinch nose)

Resets heart rate if tachycardic

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of pericarditis?

A

Relived by leaning forwards,
Pleuritic pain (worse on inhalation)
Sharp pain

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5
Q

What is the sign of pericarditis on an ECG?

A

Saddle shaped ST elevation

Shortened PR interval

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6
Q

What is the secondary prevention of MI?

A 
ACE inhibitor (lisinopril)
Dual anti platelet therapy (aspirin + clopidogrel/ticagrelor) 
B-blocker (atenolol - cardioselective)
Statin
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7
Q

What medication is given in heart failure?

A 
B-blockers (atenolol - cardioselective)
Loop diuretic (furosemide)
ACE inhibitor (lisinopril)
(escalate to digoxin)
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8
Q

What condition is digoxin most useful in?

A

Atrial fibrillation

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9
Q

If the typical heart failure treatment is proving ineffective what else can be added?

A

Digoxin

ACE/ARB

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10
Q

What are the signs of cardiac tamponade?

A

Hypotensive,
Elevated JVP,
Tachycardia
Muffled heart

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11
Q

What is the ECG sign of wolff-parkinson-white syndrome?

A

Delta waves (slurred upstroke on QRS complex) + short PR interval

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12
Q

What does T-wave inversion on an ECG indicate?

A

Hypokalaemia

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13
Q

What os a prolonged PR interval on and ECG indicative of?

A

Heart block

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14
Q

What is the sign on an ECG of a PE?

A

Sinus tachycardia

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15
Q

What are the side effects of digoxin?

A

Bradycardia,
Gynaecomastia,
AV block (heart block)

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16
Q

What is aortic incompetence?

A

Aortic regurgitation

17
Q

What are the types of heart block?

A

Type 1: prolonged PR interval
Type 2:
(I) PR interval increases progressively and then resets
(II) Dropped QRS complexes
Type 3: complete heart block (no association between P waves and QRS complexes)

18
Q

How are ventricular ectopic beats treated?

A

B-blockers

19
Q

What condition is characterised by a machine like murmur?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus (babies)

20
Q

What is tetralogy of Fallot?

A 
Heart defect present at birth: 
Pulmonary stenosis, 
Right ventricular hypertrophy, 
Ventricular septal defect, 
Overriding aorta
(Treatment = open heart surgery within first year of life)
21
Q

What does Torsades de Point appear like on an ECG?

A

“Twisting” of QRS complexes around an isoelectric line

22
Q

How many blood cultures should be collected when assessing infective endocarditis?

A

3 - different locations

2 must be positive for a diagnosis

23
Q

What factors predispose to infective endocarditis?

A 
Prosthetic heart valve, 
IV drugs users, 
IV lines, 
Congenital heart abnormality,
Rheumatoid fever
24
Q

How does infective endocarditis present?

A

Overwhelming sepsis + cardiac failure

25
Q

What clinical signs can be seen from infective endocarditis?

A 
Janeway lesions,
Roth spots,
Splinter haemorrhages,
Oslers nodes,
Clubbing
26
Q

What is Dresslers syndrome?

A

Post MI pericarditis, occurs a few days/weeks after an MI

treated with aspirin

27
Q

What is the first line treatment of angina?

A

B-blocker/Ca-channel blocker

THEN GTN

28
Q

What is the treatment of unstable angina?

A

Aspirin +/- ticegralor

29
Q

What does cardiomegaly on CXR indicate?

A

Left sided heart failure NOT right

30
Q

What are the symptoms of digoxin poisoning?

A

Yellow sight, dizziness, confusion, tachycardia - more common in patients with HF and on a lot of medication

31
Q

What is the first line treatment for AF?

A

B-blocker/Ca-channel blocker (rate control) + anticoagulation (ALL PATIENTS)

32
Q

When should AF be treated with cardioversion?

A

ONLY if HR >150bpm or there are signs of serious underlying heart disease

33
Q

What are vagal manoeuvres used to treat?

A

SVT

34
Q

Which heart murmur radiates to the carotids?

A

Aortic stenosis

35
Q

Which heart murmur is rheumatoid fever associated with?

A

Mitral stenosis

36
Q

What are the side effects of Ca-channel blockers?

A

Ankle oedema, constipation, syncope

Cardio (10 decks)

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