Diseases Flashcards
What conditions is defibrillation used for?
Ventricular fibrillation
Pulseless ventricular tachycardia
What is Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?
Congenital condition with abnormal communication between atria and ventricles
Gives supraventricualr tachycardia (reentrant tachycardia circuit)
What is the valsalva manoeuvre and what is it used for?
Blowing out against blocked airways (pinch nose)
Resets heart rate if tachycardic
What are the symptoms of pericarditis?
Relived by leaning forwards,
Pleuritic pain (worse on inhalation)
Sharp pain
What is the sign of pericarditis on an ECG?
Saddle shaped ST elevation
Shortened PR interval
What is the secondary prevention of MI?
ACE inhibitor (lisinopril) Dual anti platelet therapy (aspirin + clopidogrel/ticagrelor) B-blocker (atenolol - cardioselective) Statin
What medication is given in heart failure?
B-blockers (atenolol - cardioselective) Loop diuretic (furosemide) ACE inhibitor (lisinopril) (escalate to digoxin)
What condition is digoxin most useful in?
Atrial fibrillation
If the typical heart failure treatment is proving ineffective what else can be added?
Digoxin
ACE/ARB
What are the signs of cardiac tamponade?
Hypotensive,
Elevated JVP,
Tachycardia
Muffled heart
What is the ECG sign of wolff-parkinson-white syndrome?
Delta waves (slurred upstroke on QRS complex) + short PR interval
What does T-wave inversion on an ECG indicate?
Hypokalaemia
What os a prolonged PR interval on and ECG indicative of?
Heart block
What is the sign on an ECG of a PE?
Sinus tachycardia
What are the side effects of digoxin?
Bradycardia,
Gynaecomastia,
AV block (heart block)
What is aortic incompetence?
Aortic regurgitation
What are the types of heart block?
Type 1: prolonged PR interval
Type 2:
(I) PR interval increases progressively and then resets
(II) Dropped QRS complexes
Type 3: complete heart block (no association between P waves and QRS complexes)
How are ventricular ectopic beats treated?
B-blockers
What condition is characterised by a machine like murmur?
Patent ductus arteriosus (babies)
What is tetralogy of Fallot?
Heart defect present at birth: Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Ventricular septal defect, Overriding aorta (Treatment = open heart surgery within first year of life)
What does Torsades de Point appear like on an ECG?
“Twisting” of QRS complexes around an isoelectric line
How many blood cultures should be collected when assessing infective endocarditis?
3 - different locations
2 must be positive for a diagnosis
What factors predispose to infective endocarditis?
Prosthetic heart valve, IV drugs users, IV lines, Congenital heart abnormality, Rheumatoid fever
How does infective endocarditis present?
Overwhelming sepsis + cardiac failure
What clinical signs can be seen from infective endocarditis?
Janeway lesions, Roth spots, Splinter haemorrhages, Oslers nodes, Clubbing
What is Dresslers syndrome?
Post MI pericarditis, occurs a few days/weeks after an MI
treated with aspirin
What is the first line treatment of angina?
B-blocker/Ca-channel blocker
THEN GTN
What is the treatment of unstable angina?
Aspirin +/- ticegralor
What does cardiomegaly on CXR indicate?
Left sided heart failure NOT right
What are the symptoms of digoxin poisoning?
Yellow sight, dizziness, confusion, tachycardia - more common in patients with HF and on a lot of medication
What is the first line treatment for AF?
B-blocker/Ca-channel blocker (rate control) + anticoagulation (ALL PATIENTS)
When should AF be treated with cardioversion?
ONLY if HR >150bpm or there are signs of serious underlying heart disease
What are vagal manoeuvres used to treat?
SVT
Which heart murmur radiates to the carotids?
Aortic stenosis
Which heart murmur is rheumatoid fever associated with?
Mitral stenosis
What are the side effects of Ca-channel blockers?
Ankle oedema, constipation, syncope
