Diseases

Question 1

Edema

Answer 1

Malfunctions in Transcapillary Dynamics

Accumulation of excess fluid in interstitial spaces

Question 2

Causes of Edema

Answer 2

1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased Plasma Proteins
   - failure to synthesize (liver disease)
   - severe protein malnutrition (kwashiorkor)
3. Increased capillary permeability
   - proteins escape to ISF
   - local swelling, increased histamines
4. Obstruction of Lymphatic Drainage
   - Elephantitis blockage of lymphatic vessels due to parasite.

Question 3

Clinical Indices

Answer 3

Number of red blood cells (Normal Reticulocyte count < 1%)

Amount of hemoglobin

Hematocrit

• fluid retention could be mistaken for anemia
• dehydration could be mistaken for polycythemia

Question 4

Polycythemia

Answer 4

Surplus of red blood cells
Hemoglobin > 18%
RBC count > 6 x 10^6 RBC/ul

Increased blood viscosity
Sluggish blood flow leading to clots

Question 5

Relative Polycythemia

Answer 5

Caused by decrease in plasma

Question 6

Absolute Polycythemia

Answer 6

Physiological
- result of increased O2 needs or decreased O2 avalibility

Pathophysiological

• tumors of kidney cells producing erythropoeitin
• unregulated production by bone marrow

Question 7

Polycythemia veria

Answer 7

Pathophysiological Polycythemia
7 - 8 x10^6 RBC/ul
Ht ± 70%

Question 8

Anemia

Answer 8

Decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Hemoglobin:
< 11 g% (M)
< 9 g% (F)

RBC count:
< 4 x 10^6 RBC/ul (M)
< 3.2 x 10^6 RBC/ul (F)

Question 9

Causes of Anemia

Answer 9

Dimenished Production
Ineffective Maturation
Increased Destruction

Question 10

Anemia

Diminished Production of RBC

Answer 10

Abnormal at site of Production
Abnormal stimulus
Inadequate Raw Materials

Question 11

Aplastic Anemia

Answer 11

Abnormal at site of production

Causes:

• unknown
• exposure to radiation
• chemicals or drugs

Classification: normocytic and normochromic

Question 12

Abnormal Stimulus

Answer 12

Abnormal at site of production

Cause: renal disease (where erythropoeitin is produced)

Classification: normocytic and normochromic

Question 13

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Answer 13

Inadequate Raw Materials (Abnormal at site of production

Causes:

• growth requirements (infancy, adolescense, pregnancy)
• inadequate supply due to: loss of Fe in hemorrhage, dietary deficiency, failure to absorb Fe

Classification: microcytic and hypochromic

Question 14

Maturation Failure Anemia

Answer 14

Ineffective Maturation

Causes: Deficiencies of
B12 - failure to absorb
Folic acid - dietary absence
Both are required for normal synthesis of DNA

Classification: macrocytic, normochromic

Question 15

Survival Disorders

Answer 15

Hemolytic Anemias - increased destruction
Causes:
Congenital and Acquired

Question 16

Congenital Survival Disorders

Answer 16

Hereitory Sphereocytsis - abnormal membrane structure, less flexible, more fragile

Abnormal Enzyme Systems - abnormal metabolism

Question 17

Acquired Survival Disorders

Answer 17

Toxins, Drugs, Antibodies

Question 18

Jaundice

Answer 18

Build up of bilirubin

Causes:

• Excessive Hemolysis
• Hepatic Damage
• Bile Duct Obstruction