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PHGY 209 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood Constituents

A

55% Plasma
< 1 % Buffy Layer
45% Red Blood Cells

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2
Q

Normalvolemia

A

Normal Blood Volume

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3
Q

Hypervolemia

A

High Blood Volume

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4
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Low Blood Volume

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5
Q

Normal Value of Hematocrit

A

45%

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6
Q

Origin of Plasma proteins

A

Liver - Albumin, Fibrinogen and Globulins alpha1, alpha2, beta

Lymphoid Tissue - Globulin gamma

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7
Q

Role of Plasma Protiens

A
  1. Distribution of ECF fluid between plasma and ISF
  2. Contribute to viscosity of plasma (fibrinogen)
  3. Contribute to buffering power of plasma (normal range 7.4)
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8
Q

Albumin

Size, molecular weight, concentration

A

small, molecular weight 69K
4 g/dl of 7 g%
polar

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9
Q

Globulins

Size, molecular weight, concentration

A

heterogeneous, molecular weight 90 - 800K

2.7 g/dl of 7 g%

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10
Q

Fibrinogen

Size, molecular weight, concentration

A

elongated fiber, molecular weight 350K

0.3 g/dl of 7g%

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11
Q

Specific Roles of Plasma Proteins

  • Fibrinogen and some globulins
  • Gamma globulins
  • Albumin and some globulins
A
  • essential for blood clotting
  • provide specific resistance against infection
  • act as carriers for lipids, minerals and hormones
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12
Q

Types of Capillary Exchanges

A
  1. Simple diffusion - nutrients, wastes, O2 and CO2
  2. Starling’s Transcapillary dynamics - determine distribution of ECF volume between plasma and ISF
    - filtration pushes out
    - osmotic flow pulls in
  3. Lymphatic system - 10 % is drained by lymphatic vessels
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13
Q

Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

A

Osmotic effect created by non diffusible plasma proteins - 25 mmHg

  • Necessary for net flow
  • Difference between ISF and plasma are lack of proteins in ISF
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14
Q

Factors which effect Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

A

Depends on # of osmotically active particles per unit

  • Albumin 20 mmHg (smallest and highest [ ])
  • Globulins 5 mmHg
  • Fibrinogen < 1 mmHg
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15
Q

Net Filtration and Net Absorption

A

Arteries : BP = 35 mmHg (filtration)
Veins: BP = 15 mmHg (filtration
COP = 25 mmHg

Net filtration: 10 mmHg
Net absorption: 10 mmHg

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16
Q 
Daily Basis
Total Blood Flow
Volume Filtered into ISF
Volume Returned by reabsorption
Volume Returned by lymph drainage
A

6000 L
20 L
17 L (90%)
3 L (10%)

17
Q

Factors in Transcapillary Dynamics

A
  1. Hydrostatic Pressure
  2. COP
  3. Capillary Permeability (only if excessive)
  4. Lymphatic Drainage
18
Q

Red Blood Cells

-concentration, diameter, life span, appearance, general function

A 
5 x 10^6 cells/ul
Diameter: 7.2 um
Life span: 120 days
Flattened Disk
Transport CO2/O2
19
Q

Platelets

-concentration, diameter, life span, appearance, general function

A 
250 000 - 400 000 cells/ul
Diameter: 2-3 um
Life span: 7-8 days
Cell Fragments
Blood Clotting
20
Q

White Blood Cells

-concentration, diameter, life span, appearance, general function

A 
8 000 - 10 000 cells/ul
Diameter: 10-18 um
Life span: years - hours
Differ in appearance
Immune Defense
21
Q

Hematopoesis

Definition

A

Production of blood cells

22
Q

Cytokines

A

proteins or polypeptides released by a cell which effect the growth and development of another

23
Q

Hemapoetic Growth Factor

A

Cytokines which influence the proliferation and differentiation of blood cell precursors

24
Q

Hematopoesis Process

A

Pluripotent stem cells (self replicating)
- Inducer
Commited stem cells (myeloid or lymphoid)
-stimulant (cell division and cell differentiation)
Erythropoesis/Thrombopoesis/Leukopoesis

25
Q

Sites of Hematopoesis

A

Prenatal:
1-3 months: Blood islands of yolk sac
3-9 months: Liver and spleen
4-9 months: Distal long bones and axial skeleton

Postnatal:
0-25 years: Distal long bones
0-Death: Axial skeleton

26
Q

Red Blood Cells

Shape

A

bicconcave disk 7 um diameter

  • maximal surface area and minimal diffusion distance for volume
  • high degree of flexibility
27
Q

Red Blood Cell

Composition

A

Membrane bound fluid sac

  • water
  • 33% hemoglobin (90% without water)
  • lipids, proteins, ions
28
Q

Red Blood Cell

Structure

A

No subcellular organelles, ribosomes, etc.
Enzyme systems
- glycolytic enzymes -> generate energy
-carbonic anhydrase -> CO2 transport

29
Q

Red Blood Cell

Concentration (M and F)

A

Males: 5.1-5.5 x 10^6 cells/ul
Females: 4.1-4.8 x 10^6 cells/ul

30
Q

Erythropoesis

A

occurs at hematopoiesis sites
Puripotent stem cells
Myeloid stem cell
Erythrocytes

31
Q

Erythropoesis

Division and Differentiation

A

Takes 3 - 5 days

  • Precursors decrease in size
  • Lose nucleus
  • Accumulate Hemoglobin
32
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Exists 24h before becoming a mature RBC

  • Still have reticulum (produces hemoglobin)
  • < 1 % relflects effective erythropoesis
33
Q

Factors effecting Erythropoesis

A
  • O2 requirements (sedentary vs. athlete)
  • O2 avalibility (altitude or lung disease)
  • Erythropoietin stimulates proliferation and accelerates maturation
34
Q

Destruction of Red Blood Cells

A

Macrophages recognize old RBC

  • pseudopods extend and engulf RBC
  • lysosomes and digestive enzymes in macrophage breakdown RBC
  • RBC membrane is

PHGY 209 (4 decks)

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