Blood

Question 1

Blood Constituents

Answer 1

55% Plasma
< 1 % Buffy Layer
45% Red Blood Cells

Question 2

Normalvolemia

Answer 2

Normal Blood Volume

Question 3

Hypervolemia

Answer 3

High Blood Volume

Question 4

Hypovolemia

Answer 4

Low Blood Volume

Question 5

Normal Value of Hematocrit

Answer 5

45%

Question 6

Origin of Plasma proteins

Answer 6

Liver - Albumin, Fibrinogen and Globulins alpha1, alpha2, beta

Lymphoid Tissue - Globulin gamma

Question 7

Role of Plasma Protiens

Answer 7

1. Distribution of ECF fluid between plasma and ISF
2. Contribute to viscosity of plasma (fibrinogen)
3. Contribute to buffering power of plasma (normal range 7.4)

Question 8

Albumin

Size, molecular weight, concentration

Answer 8

small, molecular weight 69K
4 g/dl of 7 g%
polar

Question 9

Globulins

Size, molecular weight, concentration

Answer 9

heterogeneous, molecular weight 90 - 800K

2.7 g/dl of 7 g%

Question 10

Fibrinogen

Size, molecular weight, concentration

Answer 10

elongated fiber, molecular weight 350K

0.3 g/dl of 7g%

Question 11

Specific Roles of Plasma Proteins

• Fibrinogen and some globulins
• Gamma globulins
• Albumin and some globulins

Answer 11

• essential for blood clotting
• provide specific resistance against infection
• act as carriers for lipids, minerals and hormones

Question 12

Types of Capillary Exchanges

Answer 12

1. Simple diffusion - nutrients, wastes, O2 and CO2
2. Starling’s Transcapillary dynamics - determine distribution of ECF volume between plasma and ISF
   - filtration pushes out
   - osmotic flow pulls in
3. Lymphatic system - 10 % is drained by lymphatic vessels

Question 13

Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

Answer 13

Osmotic effect created by non diffusible plasma proteins - 25 mmHg

• Necessary for net flow
• Difference between ISF and plasma are lack of proteins in ISF

Question 14

Factors which effect Colloidal Osmotic Pressure

Answer 14

Depends on # of osmotically active particles per unit

• Albumin 20 mmHg (smallest and highest [ ])
• Globulins 5 mmHg
• Fibrinogen < 1 mmHg

Question 15

Net Filtration and Net Absorption

Answer 15

Arteries : BP = 35 mmHg (filtration)
Veins: BP = 15 mmHg (filtration
COP = 25 mmHg

Net filtration: 10 mmHg
Net absorption: 10 mmHg

Question 16

Daily Basis
Total Blood Flow
Volume Filtered into ISF
Volume Returned by reabsorption
Volume Returned by lymph drainage

Answer 16

6000 L
20 L
17 L (90%)
3 L (10%)

Question 17

Factors in Transcapillary Dynamics

Answer 17

1. Hydrostatic Pressure
2. COP
3. Capillary Permeability (only if excessive)
4. Lymphatic Drainage

Question 18

Red Blood Cells

-concentration, diameter, life span, appearance, general function

Answer 18

5 x 10^6 cells/ul
Diameter: 7.2 um
Life span: 120 days
Flattened Disk
Transport CO2/O2

Question 19

Platelets

-concentration, diameter, life span, appearance, general function

Answer 19

250 000 - 400 000 cells/ul
Diameter: 2-3 um
Life span: 7-8 days
Cell Fragments
Blood Clotting

Question 20

White Blood Cells

-concentration, diameter, life span, appearance, general function

Answer 20

8 000 - 10 000 cells/ul
Diameter: 10-18 um
Life span: years - hours
Differ in appearance
Immune Defense

Question 21

Hematopoesis

Definition

Answer 21

Production of blood cells

Question 22

Cytokines

Answer 22

proteins or polypeptides released by a cell which effect the growth and development of another

Question 23

Hemapoetic Growth Factor

Answer 23

Cytokines which influence the proliferation and differentiation of blood cell precursors

Question 24

Hematopoesis Process

Answer 24

Pluripotent stem cells (self replicating)
- Inducer
Commited stem cells (myeloid or lymphoid)
-stimulant (cell division and cell differentiation)
Erythropoesis/Thrombopoesis/Leukopoesis

Question 25

Sites of Hematopoesis

Answer 25

Prenatal: 1-3 months: Blood islands of yolk sac 3-9 months: Liver and spleen 4-9 months: Distal long bones and axial skeleton Postnatal: 0-25 years: Distal long bones 0-Death: Axial skeleton

Question 26

Red Blood Cells | Shape

Answer 26

bicconcave disk 7 um diameter - maximal surface area and minimal diffusion distance for volume - high degree of flexibility

Question 27

Red Blood Cell | Composition

Answer 27

Membrane bound fluid sac - water - 33% hemoglobin (90% without water) - lipids, proteins, ions

Question 28

Red Blood Cell | Structure

Answer 28

No subcellular organelles, ribosomes, etc. Enzyme systems - glycolytic enzymes -> generate energy -carbonic anhydrase -> CO2 transport

Question 29

Red Blood Cell | Concentration (M and F)

Answer 29

Males: 5.1-5.5 x 10^6 cells/ul Females: 4.1-4.8 x 10^6 cells/ul

Question 30

Erythropoesis

Answer 30

occurs at hematopoiesis sites Puripotent stem cells Myeloid stem cell Erythrocytes

Question 31

Erythropoesis | Division and Differentiation

Answer 31

Takes 3 - 5 days - Precursors decrease in size - Lose nucleus - Accumulate Hemoglobin

Question 32

Reticulocyte

Answer 32

Exists 24h before becoming a mature RBC - Still have reticulum (produces hemoglobin) - < 1 % relflects effective erythropoesis

Question 33

Factors effecting Erythropoesis

Answer 33

- O2 requirements (sedentary vs. athlete) - O2 avalibility (altitude or lung disease) - Erythropoietin stimulates proliferation and accelerates maturation

Question 34

Destruction of Red Blood Cells

Answer 34

Macrophages recognize old RBC - pseudopods extend and engulf RBC - lysosomes and digestive enzymes in macrophage breakdown RBC - RBC membrane is