Diseases Flashcards
•Stratum basale •Most common- 1 in 3 caucasians •Rarely metastisizes •Raised, smooth, pearly bump on the sun-exposed skin
Basal Cell Carcinoma
•Stratum spinosum •Second most common skin cancer •May also been found on lips, in mouth or digestive tract •Red, scaling, thickened patch on sun-exposed skin •Ulceration and bleeding may occur
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
•Melanocytes •Usually brown or black •”ABCDE” –A= asymmetrical –B= “borders” (irregular) –C= “color” (variegated) –D= “diameter“ > 6mm –E= enlarging •Relatively rare, poor prognosis
Melanoma
- Signs and Symptoms: nervousness, irritability, increased perspiration, tachycardia, exophthalamus
- Weight loss may occur despite a good appetite •Overstimulated metabolism and enhanced sensitivity to catecholamines
- Graves disease, the most common form
Hyperthyroidism
- Signs and symptoms: cold intolerance, fatigue, depression, bradycardia, weight gain
- Very common in women over 50 and men over 65
- Iodine deficiency
Hypothyroidism
- Most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US
- B cells produce autoantibodies against thyroid antigens •Mostly affects women
- Surgery sometimes necessary to protect airway
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
- Usually the result of a parathyroid adenoma •Hypercalcimia, muscle cramping, kidney stones, osteodynia
- “moans, groans, stones, and bones.“
- The primary treatment is surgical removal of the faulty gland.
Hyperparathyroidism
- a viral disease caused by a paramyxovirus.
- Painful swelling of the salivary glands (classically the parotid gland) is the most typical presentation. Painful testicular swelling (orchitis) and rash may also occur. The symptoms are generally not severe in children.
- Fertilty may be an issue in post-pubertal males due to increased temperature of the testes.
Mumps
mixed epithelial (left) and mesenchymal cell components (right). The latter often exhibits myxofibrous appearance and in some instances shows chondromatous differention
Usually solitary, slow growing, painless, firm single nodular mass.
Isolated nodules are generally outgrowths of the main nodule.
Though classified as benign, these have the capacity to grow to large proportions and may undergo malignant transformation.
Although it is “benign” the tumor is aneuploid, it can recur after resection, it invades normal adjacent tissue and distant metastases have been reported after long (+10 years) time intervals.
Pleiomorphic adenoma of the parotid
- inflammation of the salivary glands
Clinical features:
•Painful swelling •Reddened skin •Edema of the cheek, Periorbital region and neck •low grade fever •malaise •raised ESR, CRP, leucocytosis •purulent exudate from duct punctum •
Sialoadenitis
- Leptomeningeal cells secrete inflammatory cytokines. •The subarachnoid space becomes filled with inflammatory cells from the vascular system.
- Signs and symptoms include fever, headache, irritability, stiff neck, vomiting, altered mental status.
Meningitis
- Often accompanied by hypersecretion of hormones •Presses on optic chiasm causing loss of peripheral vision (bitemporal hemianopia)
- Classification: •Secreting –Prolactin –ACTH (Cushing’s disease) –GH (acromegaly) •Nonsecreting
Pituitary adenoma
- High pressure within the globe
- Impedes venous drainage
- Eventually results in neuronal death
- Open angle (most common) decreased drainage through canal of Schlemm
- Closed angle- narrow approach to canal of Schlemm
Glaucoma
- Loss of opacity
- Most commonly due to accumulation of pigment and disruption of lens fibers as a result of aging
Cataracts
•The optic nerve is encased in a dural sheath and the subarachnoid space is continuous with that of the brain •Increased CSF pressure causes the optic disc to bulge
Papilledema
•Separation of the pigment epithelium and photoreceptor layer
Retinal Detachment
- Secretory disorder causing swelling of the membranous labrinth
- Hearing loss, tinnitis, aural pressure, vertigo
Meniere Disease
decreased RBC count
or decreased hemoglobin
= impaired ability to transport oxygen
•Cause –Blood loss –Hemolysis –Impaired hematopoiesis •
Anemia
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
- Fatigue
- Fever and chills that come and go
- Soaking night sweats
- Painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin (swollen glands)
- un explained weight loss
- b cell origin
- epstein barr infection
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
- Infectious, widespread viral disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
- More than 90% of adults have been exposed
- Most people are exposed to the virus as children, when the disease produces no noticeable symptoms or only flu-like symptoms.
- Most common among adolescents and young adults. •Characterized by fever, sore throat, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes and potential splenomegaly.
- Confirmed by blood count: >50% lymphocytes 10% of which have irregular large nuclei.
Mononucleosis
Mononucleosis
infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.
- infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through three main mechanisms: –Direct viral killing of infected cells –Increased rates of apoptosis in infected cells –Killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells
- When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
HIV-AIDS
gp120 binds to the CD4 molecule on T cells in what disease?
HIV
- Present in about 13%
- Clinically significant in 1%
- Hearing loss usually between 20 and 45
- Abnormal bone remodeling
- Stapes becomes fixed
- Hearing aids, pharmacological & surgical treatments
Otosclerosis
- Secretory disorder causing swelling of the membranous labrinth
- Hearing loss, tinnitis, aural pressure, vertigo
Meniere Disease
What is this?
Basophil
What is this?
Eosinophil
What is this?
lymphocyte
What is this?
monocyte
What is this?
neutrophil
What is indicated by the a/arrow?
Platelets
