Diseases Flashcards
Bacillus cerus
(fried rice syndrome)
- emetic (vomiting) = 1-6 hours
- diarrhea = 10-16 hours
- improperly cooled rice/starchy foods
- heat labile (diarrhea) + heat stable (vomiting)
- facultative bacteria; soil bacteria
- spore forming
we B. Cerious about our rice
Clostridium botulinum
(floppy baby syndrome)
- 4-36 hours
- improperly canned foods/dented/improperly packaged ROP/garlic in oil
- soil bacteria; anaerobic bacteria
- spores destroyed at 240F for 35 minutes
- neurotoxin
- types of toxins
a/b= soiled vegetables
c= birds, turtles, and horses
d= cattle sheep
e= canned seafood products
g= sudden death
Listeria monocytogenes
(listeriosis)
- Gastrointestinal = 9-48 hours
- soft cheeses, deli meat, sushi
- spontaneous abortion
- can grow in low temps (35F)
Clostridium perfringens
(cafeteria bug)
- 8-16 hours
- improperly cooled beans (lard cap –> anaerobic)
- soil bacteria, anaerobic bacteria
- intoxication, exotoxin
- spore forming
- highly heat labile
Staphylococcus aureus
(most common foodborne intoxication)
- 1-8 hours
- unrefrigerated/improper holding temperatures –> picnic food
- on your skin naturally
- Gram negative
Ciguatera poisoning
(ciguatoxin)
- 6-8 hours
- large reef fish that consume dinoflagellates (filter feeders)
- barracuda, grouper, red snapper, moray eel, amberjack, sea bass, Spanish mackerel
- numbness/tingling
- heat stable
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)
- 10-30 minutes
- saxitoxin
- prickly lips/tongue
- red tide (May-October) –> Gonyaulax Catenella
- consuming shellfish/mussels
Scombroid poisoning
(histamine toxin)
- immediate-30 minutes
- peppery/metallic taste
- tuna, mahi, mackerel, bonito - spiny fish
- picking a good fish: not stinky, eyes glossy/fresh, not slimy, flash frozen to kill parasites
Campylobacter jejuni
(most prevalent foodborne illness)
- 2-4 days
- most prevalent foodborne illness & cause of diarrhea in the U.S.
- raw/undercooked beef/poultry, unpasteurized milk & untreated water
- soil bacteria
Escherichia Coli
(Enterohemorrhagic) 0157:H7
- 1-8 days
- Shigatoxin, Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
- undercooked ground beef, unpasteurized milk, raw vegetables
- hemolytic uremic syndrome from shigatoxin (kidney failure –> jaundice)
- bloody stool
Leptospira interrogans
(Leptospirosis & Weil’s disease)
- 4-19 days
- rat urine in food, open skin contact
- UV light detects urine
- bacteria
Listeria monocytogenes
(Listeriosis)
- 2-30 days
- soft cheeses, deli meats, smoked fish
- spontaneous abortion
- bacteria
- resistant to heat, cold, drying, salt
- grows between 37F-130F
Salmonella typhi
(Typhoid fever–> Typhoid Mary)
- 8-14 days
- direct human contact with patient/carrier, shellfish, raw fruits/vegetables
- may be asymptomatic
Salmonella typhimurium
(Salmonella enteritis)
(most common foodborne infection)
- 1-3 days
- contamination of raw vegetables, poultry, eggs
- aerobic bacteria
- destroyed over 130F
- grows between 41F-116F
Shigella dysenteriae
(Bacillary dysentery)
- 24-48 hours
- ice on cruise ships BUT more diarrhea
- fecal/oral food and water
- vomiting in some cases
- bloody stools
- aerobic bacteria
- heat labile
Norovirus
(Winter vomiting bug, Norwalk virus)
- 24-36 hours
- most common cause of gastroenteritis
- ice on cruise ships BUT more vomiting, undercooked shellfish
- common in community settings
Trichinella spiralis
(Trichinosis, Pork worm)
- 1-2 days
- undercooked pork
- transmission parasitic infection
- redness on eyelids & inner eye infection
- roundworms move in your body
- nematode parasite; intestinal roundworm
- freeze mets below 13F for more than 10 days to destroy cysts
Entamoeba histolytica
(Amebiasis, Amebic dysentery)
- 2-4 weeks
- ovacyst, raw veggies, flies
Ascaris lumbricoides
(Roundworm)
- 2 months
- contaminate soil & raw veggies, dust inhalation
- infects small intestine, lung infections, migrates to organs
Cryptosporidium
(Day Care Disease)
- 2-10 days
- swimming pools & toys at daycares
- watery diarrhea
- resist chlorination in day water
- occasionally found at daycares
Giardia Lamblia
(Day Care disease & Hikers disease)
- 6-22 days
- contaminated drinking water
- daycare employees
- loose pale stools
- upper small bowel and cyst
- common in lakes and rivers
Enterobius Vermicularis
(Enterobiasis & Pinworm)
- 3-6 weeks
- anal itching
- fecal/oral
Taenia spp.
(Taeniasis & Tapeworm)
- 8-14 weeks
i. Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
migrates to central nervous system
ii. Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
typically stays in digestive tract, can travel
Vibrio cholerae
(Cholera)
- 24-72 hours
- contaminated food, water, shellfish; sewage
- rice water stools
- aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria
- labile enterotoxin
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP)
- 2-48 hours
- raw or undercooked seafood
- labile enterotoxin (withstands 140F up to 15 mins)
Vibrio vulnificus (VV)
- 1-7 days
- raw oysters
- seafood in warm water
- fatal with liver disease
- lesions on extremities –> amputation
- grows between 68F-104F
Rickettsia burneti
(Coxiella burnetii; Q-fever)
- 14-21 days
- raw milk from infected cow
- most heat resistant indicator of pasteurized milk –> if still present after pasteurization, then pasteurization was not successful
Streptococcus pyogenes
(Strep Throat, Scarlet Fever)
- 1-3 days
- airborne droplets w/food or milk
- contact with mucous from infected host
- toxic shock-like syndrome & swollen lymph nodes
- causes Bovine mastitis
Poliovirus
(Poliomyelitis)
- 3-6 days onset for nonparalytic, 7-21 days onset for paralytic
- fecal/oral or droplets from sneeze/cough
- no cure, only vaccine
- paralysis (most severe symptom)
Rickettsia Prowazekii
- (Jailhouse fever, Typhus fever, Epidemic typhus)
- ~12 days
- louse (Pediculus humanus) poops in wound
- killed most of Napoleon troops
- common in community living
Rickettsia Typhi
(Rickettsia mooseri, Endemic typhus, Murine typhus)
- 6-14 days
- bite of infected Oriental rat flea (Xenophylla cheopis) on roof rat or norway rat
- milder symptoms than epidemic typhus
- typically in temperatures under 85F
Rickettsia Rickettsii
(Rocky mountain spotted fever)
- 3-10 days
- bite of infected wood/dog tick (Dermacentor Andersonii)
- rash spreads
Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi
(Scrub typhus & Mite borne typhus)
- 10-12 days
- bite of infected larval mite (chigger)
- pushed out skin ulcer and bloodshot eyes
Borrelia Recurrentis
(Relapsing fever)
- ~8 days
- infected tick/louse (Pediculus humanus) at bite wound or open skin abrasion
- fever relapses
Borrelia Burgdorferi
(Lyme disease)
- ~7 days
- bite of a deer tick
- bullseye rash (concentric rings)
Yersinis Pestis
(Bubonic plague, Pneumonic plague = Black death)
- 2-6 days
- Infected Oriental rate flea (Xenopsylla cheopis)
i. Bubonic = causes buboes swollen lymph nodes
ii. Septicemic = plague causing gangrene
iii. Pneumonic = highly contagious affects respiratory system
Alphavirus
a. Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
- 4-10 days
- infected Culiseta melanura from birds and rodents
- brain dysfunction —> coma –> death
- meningitis
b. Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE)
- 5-10 days
- infected Culex tarsalis mosquito from birds and rodents
- paralysis –> coma –> death
- meningitis
Flavivirus
a. St. Louis Encephalitis
- 5-15 days
- infected Culex tarsalis or Culex pipens from birds and rodents
- meningitis
b. West Nile Virus
- 2-14 days
- infected Culex tarsalis from birds and rodents
- joint pain, fever, vomiting
c. Yellow Fever (hemorrhagic fever)
- 3-6 days
- infected Aedes spp. or Haemagogus spp.
- jaundice, organ failure, bleeding
d. Zika Virus
- 3-14 days
- infected Aedes
- can be passed through pregnancy
- can cause birth defects
e. Dengue
- 4-10 days
- infected Aedes
- kinda like a cold, 1 in 4 persons affected
- makes your bones ache
Coltivirus
(Colorado Tick Fever)
- 4-5 days
- bite of an infected ADULT tick (wood tick Dermacentor Andersoni)
- rodents = main reservoir
- fever recurring 2-3 days
- dengue-like without rash
Leishmania
(Leishmaniasis)
- no incubation period
- bite of an infected sandfly
- bumps/lumps, skin sores, ulcers, affects internal organs
Onchocera volvulus
- (Onchocerciasis, River Blindness, Parasitic Worm)
- 1-2 years
- bite of an infected black fly
- breed in moving water
- blindness and visual impairment if microfilariae reach eyes
- Nodules (filarial worms)
Plasmodium vivax
(Malaria, Falciparum = Malignant Tertian Malaria & Cerebral Malaria)
- 12-14 days
- bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito
- Falciparum (most lethal)
Trypanosoma Cruzi
- (Chagas Disease, American Trypanosomiasis, Kissing Bug Disease)
- bite of an infected triatomine bug - poops at location of bite wound
- swelling at bite area, may result in severe inflammation of heart muscle or brain
- like to bite around mouth and lips
Trypanosmoa Gambiense
- African Sleeping Sickness & African Trypanosomiasis
- bite of an infected Tsetse fly
- muscle/joint aches, affects central nervous system causing possible partial paralysis
Wuchereria Bancrofti
- (Wucheriasis & Filariasis & Roundworm)
- bite of an infected Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles mosquito
- causes Elephantiasis, lymph enlargement of extremities
Sarcoptes Scabiei
- (Scabies)
- 1-4 days
- transfers from clothing to bedding by infected host
- sexual contact with infected host
- skin lesions around finger webs, wrists, elbows, belt line, and external genital areas
- infected through scratching
Chlamydia psittaci
(Psittacosis & Parrot Fever)
- 4-15 days
- inhalation of infected bird discharge (any discharge)
Legionella pneumophila
(Legionnaires disease & Pontiac fever)
- 2-10 days
- water droplets from AC units, misting systems & cooling towers
- if no pneumonia –> Pontiac fever
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- (Tuberculosis)
- 4-6 weeks
- from overcrowding & poor ventilated areas
- coughing blood & chest pain
Bacillus anthracis
- (Anthrax & Wool Sorter’s disease)
- 1-5 days
- from dry soil and contaminated sheep
- upper respiratory attack
- treat hide with 10% formalin solution to get rid of anthrax
- spore former
Blastomyces dermatitidis
- (Blastomycosis & GilChrist’s disease)
- 7-30 days
- from inhaled dust
- affects prostate and visceral organs
- yeast fungus
- spore former
Coccidiodes immitis
- (Valley & Desert fever)
- 1-3 weeks
- from inhaled soil/vegetation during wind and dust storms
- soil fungus
- spore former
Brucella abortus
(Brucellosis & Veterinarian’s disease)
- 5-21 days
- improperly pasteurized milk
i. Humans –> Undulant fever
ii. Cattle –> Bang’s disease
iii. Dogs –> Kennel cough
Hantavirus
(Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)
- 5-42 days; avg 12-16 days
- inhaled rodent (Deer mice) urine/fecal
- bloody discharge & kidney disorder
- affects the lungs
Histoplasmosis capsulatum
(Darling’s disease)
- 5-18 days
- inhaled bat urine/poop or chicken coops
- causes lung lesions
- soil fungus; yeast fungus
Francis Tularensis
(Tularemia & Rabbit/Deer fly fever)
- 1-10 days
- Wood/dog ticks from rabbits or bite of deer fly
- infected lymph nodes
Hepatitis A
(infectious hepatitis)
- 30 day onset
- foodborne fecal/oral - oysters/clams near sewage
- light colored stool
- liver necrosis –> jaundice
Hepatitis B
(serum hepatitis)
- bloodborne from contaminated hypodermic needles
- liver infection & liver cirrhosis –> jaundice
Hepatitis C
(serum hepatitis)
- bloodborne from contaminated hypoderic needles
- jaundice & liver failure
Hepatitis E
- fecal/oral from contaminated water
- inflammation of liver, jaundice
Lentivirus
(HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
(AIDS - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
- from exchange of human bodily fluids
- retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell
- two treatments to prevent HIV
1. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
2. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
Rabies
(Lyssavirus)
- 3-6 weeks
- infected animal with contaminated claws/bite (bats, skunks, dogs, fox)
- causes hydrophobia, foaming of the mouth, throat spasms
- vaccine = DEV (Duck Embryo Virus) or RIG (Rabies Immunoglobulin)
- can check brain for Negri bodies after death
- once symptoms are present it’s too late, death is certain
Toxoplasma gondii
(Taxoplasmosis)
- from cat feces & contaminated food
- makes you love your cat more
Ancylostome duodenale and Necator americanus
- (Ancylostomiasis, Necatoriasis, Hook worm)
- 7-10 days (hatch), 1 month (maturity)
- infected human feces, bores into humans foot when stepping on dirt, eggs can survive waste water treatment, sludge digestion
- anemia, intestinal bleeding and blockages
- ancylo –> hook in Spanish
Schistosome spp.
(Schistosomiasis, Swimmer’s itch, Flatworm, Blood Fluke)
- 4-6 weeks
- Fresh water snails –> birds eat them –> birds poop in water –> contaminated fresh water
- rash, itchy skin, chronic –> enlarged liver
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- 1-5 days
- saunas, swimming pools, inadequately chlorinated hot tubs
- rash, ear infection
Candida albicans
(Candida tropicalis-more pathogenic, thrush, Moniliasis, Candidiasis)
- 2-5 days
- contact with excretions from infected person
- fungal infection on skin or mucous membranes, ulcers, in the esophagus, gastrointestinal tract or bladder, produces lesions in organs
Microsporum and Trichophyon
(Athlete’s Foot; Ringworm)
- Ringworm is not a real worm –> fungal
- direct or indirect contact with infected person, contaminated floors and shower stalls (athlete’s foot)
- cracking skin, moist, or dry cracking lesions
Anasakiasis
(Roundworm)
- few hours
- infected raw fish, undercooked fish
- bloody stool, anaphylaxis
- worms can attach to esophagus and tickle back of throat
Vesicular Exanthema
- from garbage that is fed to pigs
- cook garbage to 212F for 30 mins
