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ELCS > Disease Transmission > Flashcards

Disease Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

How many pathogens are known to infect humans?

A

1415

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2
Q

What kind of viruses are the swine/ Spanish flu, west Nile, Ebola, SARS, COVID 19, AIDS, Zika, and bird flu?

A

RNA Viruses- this is important b/c they mutate faster than DNA viruses. Many emerging diseases are rna viruses.

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3
Q

What does zoonosis/zoonoses refer to? Why is there an issue with it?

A

Infectious disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans. It’s spread by air, bites, or a vector (intermediate) species.

The issue w/zoonoses is that b/c there’s an animal host, it’s impossible to destroy the disease b/c we can’t eliminate all animals.

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4
Q

What % of human infections does zoonosis account for?

A

> 60%

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5
Q

How is the flu spread? How is rabies spread? How is Zika spread?

A

Air/bites/ vector species (mosquito)

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6
Q

What’s an example of “herd”/community immunity?

A

If you have 100 cows and you vaccinate 99 of them, that 1 cow remaining will be safe from inf(x)n. It protects the people that are unable to get vaccinated.

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7
Q

Who would be considered ineligible for a vaccine?

A

Someone allergic to vaccine Component , immune compromised, pregnant, infant/really old, religious/philosophical opposition to vaccines

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8
Q

How is measles disease transmitted? Why couldn’t the Samoan islands Ctrl the measles outbreak? When was it finally ctrled?

A

It’s an airborne disease w/ a R * value of 12-18 (avg # of 2ndary inf(X)n resulting from a single index case). The herd immunity threshold is 83-94%.

The Samoan islands couldn’t Ctrl the outbreak b/c there wasn’t a large amt of immunizations.

The outbreak was ctrled when immunization rates went to 95%.This the is the acceptable amount for herd immunity for measles.

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9
Q

How is polio transmitted?What % does it take to have herd immunity?

A

Polio is transmitted via the fecal/oral route. I t has an R* value of 5-7. It takes about 80-86% of the population to be immunized before there’s herd immunity

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10
Q

What states eliminated the philosophical exemption of vaccines?

A

Cali, Mississippi, West Virginia, Maine, and New York

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11
Q

What does polio cause? When did the vaccine come out? What year was it declared eradicated in America? By what % have polio cases dropped?

A

Neurological disease that causes paralysis which can become fatal. 1955. 1994. 99% b/c over 2.5 billion kids were vaccinated w/ an inactive injection or oral vaccine (more side effects).

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12
Q

What % of people does smallpox kill people from? When was the last case reported in America ? What about the world?

A

30 %, ~500 million people died from smallpox in the 20th century. The last case reported in America was 1949. In the world, the last case reported was 1977.

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13
Q

How are smallpox and chickenpox different?

A

Smallpox tends to be more peripheral than chickenpox and more severe. (See slide 18)

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14
Q

How is the smallpox vaccine administered? What about In the past? What’s the acceptable window for vaccines to be effective?

A

The vaccine consists of a viral cousin to smallpox that evokes the same immune response. In the past, people would peel scabs off someone w/ smallpox, grind it up, and blow the powder in your face to make you immune.

You must vaccinate w/in 4 days of inf(x)n to minimize or prevent inf(x)n.

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15
Q

Why is there a concern of the resurgence of smallpox?

A

The CDC, Siberia,Russia, and other biological labs have smallpox stored for research and it’s a concern that the virus can be released as a biological weapon.

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16
Q

What year was the last US case of smallpox? What about the world?

A

1949/1977 (except accident in Bham, England)

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17
Q

Why were we seemingly able to eradicate/ Ctrl the smallpox virus?

A

B/c it’s not a zoonoses !

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18
Q

What % of cancer in the world is cause by the HPV (Human papilloma virus)?

A

> 5%

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19
Q

What kind of cancer does getting immunized for Hepatitis B prevent?

A

Liver Cancer or patio cellular carcinoma

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20
Q

What are the 4 kinds of vaccines?

A
  1. Attenuated (weakened live viruses)
  2. Inactivated viruses or bacteria
  3. Toxoid vaccines (contain the toxin produced by the bacteria)
  4. Bio synthetic vaccine
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21
Q

What are examples of attenuated vaccines?

A

MMR
Varicella (chickenpox)
Oral polio
Flu (fluMist)

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22
Q

What are examples of inactivated vaccines?

A

Inactivated polio

Flu (flu shot)

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23
Q

What are examples of toxoid vaccines?

A

Tetanus/Diphtheria (TdP)

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24
Q

What are examples of biosynthesis vaccines?

A

Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib)

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25
Q

What does rotavirus cause?

A

EXPLOSIVE diarrhea

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26
Q

What role does the Vaccine&Related Biological products advisory committee play in vaccine safety?

A

They advise whether or not the FDA should license the vaccine.

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27
Q

What role does the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices play in vaccine safety?

A

They advise what vaccines should be added or taken away

28
Q

What role does the Human Health Services vaccine advisory committee play in vaccine safety?

A

They recommend research priorities of vaccines

29
Q

What role does the VICP: Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (fed govt program) play in vaccine safety?

A

They tax each vaccine that’s given out & they put that $0.75 in a fund so that when claims are brought against the vaccine/CDC, $$$ will be available to settle the claims instead of them going broke.

30
Q

What ingredient in vaccines was claimed to be associated with neurodevelopment disorders like autism?

A

Thimerosal (has mercury in it), prevents bacterial contamination

31
Q

Who’s Typhoid Mary?

A

She’s an immigrant from Ireland that worked as a cook and she was an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever. She infected over 60 people, and ~3 died. She was quarantined, let out and infected more people.

32
Q

What 6 vaccines are recommended for DHCP by the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices?

A
  1. Hepatitis B- 3 doses, then test for antibodies (if it it’s - you’ll have to do 3 doses again to build up antibodies against disease) No more than 6 doses
  2. Measles
  3. Mumps
  4. Rubella
  5. Influenza - get every year
  6. Varicella (chickenpox)
33
Q

Who should consider a Hep A vaccine?

A

Travelers to Asia/Africa/Latin America. You can get a Twinrix vaccine (Hep A+ hep B)= hep b booster.

34
Q

What does the TDAP (tetanus-toxoid-diptheria-acellular pertussis) vaccine prevent the spreading of?

A

Whooping cough or tetanus (skin gets broken by rusty nails can promote tetanus)

35
Q

What are the 6 kinds of cancer HPV can cause?

A
  1. Penile
  2. Vaginal
  3. Oral
  4. Anal
  5. Vulvar
  6. Cervical
36
Q

What causes lip cancer?

A

Sun exposure

37
Q

What does the orophraynx consist of?

A

It’s made of the back 3rd of the tongue, soft palate above tonsils, posterior pharyngeal wall, palatine tonsils (visible tonsils down throat, closest to palate), and lingual tonsils (@ base of tongue, closest to tongue (lingual))

38
Q

How does Dr. T think of oral cavity in terms of cancer?

A

It’s made of 3 zones.

  1. Lip cancer- sun exposure
  2. Oropharynx cancer- HPV
  3. Middle oral cavity cancer- caused by smoking/drinking
39
Q

For the HPV vaccine, what are the different subtypes associated with? How does the vaccine help in preventing these kinds of cancers, by what %?

A

HPV type 6/11- genital warts
HPV type 16/18+5 others- cervical cancer

The HPV vaccine has helped to decrease both of these disease infections by 90%. Previously just advised for children, Gardasil (HPV vaccine) can be taken by any adult age 9-45.

40
Q

What is the best way to think about a vaccine? What does it do?

A

A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.

41
Q

What does a prophylactic (intended to prevent disease) vaccine help to do?

A

It helps to prevent or lessen the effects of a FUTURE disease

42
Q

What does a therapeutic vaccine help to do?

A

It helps to boost your immune system to target and fight off EXISTING diseases like HIV or cancer (melanoma).

43
Q

1-What is the immune system?

A

The bodily system composed of various things: lymph nodes/vessels, lymphocytes (B and T cells)/ antibodies/ bone marrow, white blood cells, skin/mucous membranes/tissues/organs. These join forces to keep your body alive in a germy world.

44
Q

1-What’s the 1st line of defense in your immune system?

A

Innate (not specific )immune system- immediately engage and defend against disease. Uses physical/chemical barriers, killer cells, and fever to keep you healthy.

1st: External: skin/mucous membranes (lines respiratory, reproductive, digestive, and urinary tract)- don’t want torn skin. Mucous membranes can contain acids and structures used to kill/trap bacteria

2nd : Internal: phagocytes (eat viruses or bacteria by cytoplasmic extension arms, and it spits It back out )/ anti microbial proteins/ attack cells

45
Q

1-What’s the 2nd line of defense in your immune system?

A

Adaptive (specific) defense system- takes more time to become active and retains immune responses to fight disease if it was to come again

46
Q

1-what are the 3 phases of an internal immune response?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Chemical signals
  3. Inflammation
47
Q

1-what are some types of phagocytes ?

A

Neutrophils (keep it neutral by killing)-most abundant # of WBC in bloodstream that die after eating disease. Made in bone marrow. Released by leukocytosis- release neutrophils from bone marrow into bloodstream.

Macrophages (big killa) - derived from monocytes WBC that move out of bloodstream to rest on tissues
> free types- patrol organs and tissues and travels to eat disease wherever it sees it (lymphocytes)
>fixed types-Stellate macrophage - liver- fixed to fibers/tissues of an organ devouring anything suspicious

48
Q

1-What are natural killer cells? How does it know to kill a cell? How does it kill a cell?

A

WBC that patrol your bloodstream and lymph looking for abnormal cells . They can kill your own cells if they have virus or are cancerous. A healthy cell has a protein, Major Histocompatibility complex 1 on surface and if its infected it doesn’t make the protein.

It pierces unhealthy cells, promoting apoptosis (cell burst)

49
Q

1-What are the 4 internal parts of an immune response? In the event of injury, what do mast cells do?

A

Heat, pain, redness, swelling

Mast cells @ the base of your tissue, send out histamines, histamines cause vasodilation (heat/redness), increase permeability of blood vessels (allows capillaries to transfer protein (clot blood) rich/ filtering fluid to site of injury = swelling)

50
Q

1-If neutrophils/macrophages can’t defend against huge # of pathogens, what do they release?

A

They release pyrogen chemicals that signal the hypothalamus to raise temp of body (fever). Fever allows cells to heal faster and it tells spleen to hold onto iron and zinc to hold off on bacterial growth.

51
Q

2-When does the adaptive immune system step in?

A

When the innate, non specific immune system couldn’t handle the amount of foreign invaders (macrophages, NK cells, neutrophils, etc…).

Adaptive immune system must encounter pathogen and recognize it as a threat before it attacks the cell.

52
Q

2-How are adaptive and innate defenses different ?

A

Adaptive defenses have the ability to remember specific pathogen. It’s also specific and systemic b/c it can operate in your whole body at once instead of at specific locations.

53
Q

2-What’s humoral immunity?

A

Works by releasing antibody proteins (WBC) that patrol the blood and lymph of the Body (humor of the body). This helps vaccines to work because if pathogens are detected in the humor, antibodies in the interstitial fluid attack them.

54
Q

2-How do antibodies know what to attack ?

A

antibodies detect antigens (bacteria,virus,fungus, or toxin, or diseased cell )

Antigens- large signaling molecules irregular to the body. They signal the adaptive immune system to rev up

55
Q

2-In humoral immunity, what’s a B lymphocyte do?

A

They originate and mature in bone marrow . They develop immune competence (know what to attack) and self tolerance (know what not to attack). Once it’s mature, it develops specific membrane bound antibodies on the surface prepared to bind to specific irregular antigens to attack foreign bodies. They also colonize in your lymph nodes, and your lymph and wait until they encounter specific antigen that they have specific antibodies for. Once they detect foreign antigen, they replicate and fight off disease (effector-fight and release a massive amount of antibodies and memory cells-remember genetic code of antibodies )

The humoral response allows your body to achieve immunity by encountering pathogens randomly ( by chance ) or on purpose (vaccine-immediately trigger B cells )

56
Q

2-Why does a b lymphocyte release so many antibodies once signaled?

A

The antibodies crowd around the foreign body and tag it for destruction (opsonization). Or antibodies block antigens of foreign bodies so they can’t bind to healthy cells (neutralization). Agglutination- antibodies bind several pathogens together in a clump and macrophages come and eat them .

57
Q

2-Why does flu the vaccine change each year?

A

The flu virus changes it’s antigens each year so our antibodies don’t recognize the new antigens.

58
Q

2-How do babies get antibodies ?

A

Through breast milk and umbilical cord (passive humoral immunity through serums ). Babies system won’t remember antigens if it gets infected again,

59
Q

3- what’s the 3rd stage of immune response ?

A

Cellular immune response- T cells (lymphocytes) go after infected cells and cause : inflammation, activate macrophages, get other t cells fired up, regulate much of the immune response

60
Q

3- when phagocytes eat foreign bodies, what happens after that ?

A

They digest the foreign body, and they break it up and eject it to serve as specific antigens on its on membrane (MHC) . These phagocytes are then known as professional antigen presenting cells

61
Q

3- does each cell have an MHC on its surface ?

A

Yes, Class 1 MHC- have antigens on the surface that are from proteins made inside that cell (show normal behavior) . If something is abnormal, they’ll present abnormal antigens are signaled for attack form immune cells

62
Q

3- what 3 kinds of cells wear Class 2 MHC proteins on their surface ?

A

Class 2 MHC proteins bind to fragments of exogenous antigens (broken up foreign bodies that were eaten by phagocytes). MHC 2 then bind these to present them to T cells.

  1. Macrophages-
  2. Dendritic cells-
  3. B cells-
63
Q

3- where is the T cells made and mature ? What are the types of T cells?

A

T cells only recognize antigens that are on antigen presenting cells. T cells are made in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus (lymphoid gland that sits on top of heart)

Helper T cells- activate to call cells that’ll help in cytotoxic response of cells. Once the helper T cells binds to the class 2 MHC protein (that’s presenting foreign antigen ) on the antigen presenting cell , it replicates and calls for cytotoxic cells. They also make memory cells and regulatory cells. They release cytokines which helps with replication and signal boosting. The cytokines help to activate cytotoxic T cells.  
Cytotoxic T cells-they roam blood/lymph looking for infected body cells that have foreign antigens attached to the class 1 MHC protein on the surface. These cytotoxic cells then release granzymes and perforin which poke holes in cell to trigger apoptosis. They then kill other infected cells.
64
Q

3- HIV-attacks what kind of cell?

A

This immuno compromised disease attacks the helper T cells. If helper T cells aren’t activated, they can’t transform B cells into memory cells, they can’t breed an immune response or even attract cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells bind to B cells antigens on surface,if there’s no detection of foreign antibodies, those B cells roam freely, if there’s detection, immune response is triggered and antibodies are released from B cells.

65
Q

3- what do regulatory (effector) T cells do?

A

They tell other immune cells to stand down after detecting a threat that’s already been handled. by releasing inhibitory cytokines. You don’t need more inflammatory response than needed because damage could ensue. That’s why a there has to be balance b/w T cells and B cells.

ELCS (4 decks)

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