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VETS4010 > Disease processes > Flashcards

Disease processes Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause clinical signs of ptyalism?

A

Issues with the oral cavity, oesophagus or any other part of the GIT + associated organs.
Could also be neuro origin, drugs or salivary gland issues.

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2
Q

What are the 3 phases of swallowing and what pathophysiologies causes dysphagia?

A

Oropharyngeal
Oesophageal
Gastroesophageal
Issues include mass, pain or neuro origin.

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3
Q

Megaoesophagus common clinical signs and 2 types.

A

See regurgitation
Congenital - immature innervation –> no peristaltic movement so when wean onto food can’t ingest
Acquired - Idiopathic/neuromuscular/ toxic/miscellaneous causes.

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4
Q

Megaoesophagus Dx tests

A 
Endoscopy
Fluoroscopy and contrast
Ach Receptor AB test (myasthenia gravis)
ACTH stimulation test (hypoadrenocortism)
T4/TSH (hypothyroidism).
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5
Q

Megaoesophagus treatment

A

Small frequent liquid diets
Bailey chair
Tx underlying issue
+/- pneumonia

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of oesophagitis?

A

Reflux

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7
Q

How do you treat oesophagitis?

A

Analgesia
Antacids/protectants
Increase sphincter tone = metoclopramide or cisapride.
+/- AMs according to severity.

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8
Q

How do you treat:
Oesophageal FB
Oesophageal sphincter?

A

Same steps as oesophagitis (Analgesia, antacids/protectants, sphincter toner, +/- AMs)
FB –> Sx if perforation or endoscopy
Sphincter –> medically w/ balloon, 2-5 times where you slowly increase the diameter. + gastrostomy tube feeding.

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9
Q

What is the most common vascular ring anomaly that causes regurgitation.

A

Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA).

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10
Q

What are the receptors found in the the heart, pharynx and abdominal viscera that stimulate the vomiting centre?

A

Mechanorecepter
Chemorecepter
5-HT (serotonin)

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11
Q

What receptor types are located in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) that stimulate the vomiting centre?

A

Chemoreceptor
D2
NK
5-HT

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12
Q

What receptor types are located in the vestibular apparatus that stimulate the vomiting centre?

A

H1

M

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13
Q

Where are receptor found in the CNS that stimulate the vomiting centre?

A

Cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus and meninges.

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14
Q

What is the routine Dx test approach for acute vomiting?

A 
PEx
Abdo rads
Faecal float 
Faecal SNAP --> parvo +/- giardia
Stop any drugs that could be an agent.
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15
Q

What diagnostics should you run if an acute vomiting case doesn’t resolve in 2-3 weeks?

A

Blood work-up (as will usually see a fever and sepsis at this stage)
Abdo U/S
Pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity.

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16
Q

What are common causes of chronic vomiting?

A 
Partial obstruction
Inflammation
Chronic pancreatitis
CKD
Liver disease 
hyperthyroidism (cats)
Hypoandrenocortism (dogs)
Neoplasia
17
Q

What are some acid control drugs?

A

H2 inhibitor - ranitidine
PPI - omeprazole
PG analogue - misoprostol
physical protection - sucralfate

18
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of diarrhoea?

A

Secretory
Altered mobility
Exudative
Osmotic

19
Q

What are common characteristics of SI diarrhoea?

A

Large amounts, normal frequency, watery, +/- weight-loss, no blood or mucosa, +/- vomiting

20
Q

What are common characteristics of LI diarrhoea?

A

Small amount, higher frequency, +/- blood mucous, weight-loss uncommon and other associated CSx.

21
Q

What are some Dx tests that can confirm if a dog has acute pancreatitis?

A

Bloods –> hyperglycaemia/lipidaemia, hypocalcaemia (fat saponification), enzymes and PLI
Biopsy –> golden standard
U/S –> altered parenchyma.

22
Q

What is the importance of cobalamin levels?

A

Cobalamin can only be absorbed with a pancreatic intrinsic-factor to allow it to pass through the ileum.

23
Q

What are the 3 subclasses of IBD?

A

Lymphocytic/plasmacytic
Eosinophilic
Granulomatous/histiocytic

24
Q

What are two possible causes of eosinophilic IBD?

A

Diet or parasite

25
Q

What are 3 possible causes of granulomatous/histiocytic IBD?

A

Fungal
Parasite
Atypical infectious agent

26
Q

How to treat mild constipation…

A

Enema and lubrication, check-up later the animal has passed faeces

27
Q

How to treat severe constipation…

A

IVFT
K supplementation
Deobstipate w/ enema once hydrated.
+/- AMs

28
Q

What prokinetic drug is very useful for early megacolon?

A

cisapride

29
Q

What are the 3 types of megacolon? give each a brief description of development.

A

Idiopathic - maybe hereditary, is a progressive irreversible decrease in the smooth muscle function.
Acquired - obstruction –> hypertonic –> dilates if not unblocked.
Neurogenic - pelvic nerves/spinal cord defect, acquired or inherited (manx cats).

30
Q

What are 2 treatment options for megacolon?

A

medical - diet alteration and cisapride

Sx - partial colectomy (last resort)

VETS4010 (4 decks)

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