Disease processes Flashcards
What can cause clinical signs of ptyalism?
Issues with the oral cavity, oesophagus or any other part of the GIT + associated organs.
Could also be neuro origin, drugs or salivary gland issues.
What are the 3 phases of swallowing and what pathophysiologies causes dysphagia?
Oropharyngeal
Oesophageal
Gastroesophageal
Issues include mass, pain or neuro origin.
Megaoesophagus common clinical signs and 2 types.
See regurgitation
Congenital - immature innervation –> no peristaltic movement so when wean onto food can’t ingest
Acquired - Idiopathic/neuromuscular/ toxic/miscellaneous causes.
Megaoesophagus Dx tests
Endoscopy Fluoroscopy and contrast Ach Receptor AB test (myasthenia gravis) ACTH stimulation test (hypoadrenocortism) T4/TSH (hypothyroidism).
Megaoesophagus treatment
Small frequent liquid diets
Bailey chair
Tx underlying issue
+/- pneumonia
What is the most common cause of oesophagitis?
Reflux
How do you treat oesophagitis?
Analgesia
Antacids/protectants
Increase sphincter tone = metoclopramide or cisapride.
+/- AMs according to severity.
How do you treat:
Oesophageal FB
Oesophageal sphincter?
Same steps as oesophagitis (Analgesia, antacids/protectants, sphincter toner, +/- AMs)
FB –> Sx if perforation or endoscopy
Sphincter –> medically w/ balloon, 2-5 times where you slowly increase the diameter. + gastrostomy tube feeding.
What is the most common vascular ring anomaly that causes regurgitation.
Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA).
What are the receptors found in the the heart, pharynx and abdominal viscera that stimulate the vomiting centre?
Mechanorecepter
Chemorecepter
5-HT (serotonin)
What receptor types are located in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) that stimulate the vomiting centre?
Chemoreceptor
D2
NK
5-HT
What receptor types are located in the vestibular apparatus that stimulate the vomiting centre?
H1
M
Where are receptor found in the CNS that stimulate the vomiting centre?
Cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus and meninges.
What is the routine Dx test approach for acute vomiting?
PEx Abdo rads Faecal float Faecal SNAP --> parvo +/- giardia Stop any drugs that could be an agent.
What diagnostics should you run if an acute vomiting case doesn’t resolve in 2-3 weeks?
Blood work-up (as will usually see a fever and sepsis at this stage)
Abdo U/S
Pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity.
What are common causes of chronic vomiting?
Partial obstruction Inflammation Chronic pancreatitis CKD Liver disease hyperthyroidism (cats) Hypoandrenocortism (dogs) Neoplasia
What are some acid control drugs?
H2 inhibitor - ranitidine
PPI - omeprazole
PG analogue - misoprostol
physical protection - sucralfate
What are the 4 mechanisms of diarrhoea?
Secretory
Altered mobility
Exudative
Osmotic
What are common characteristics of SI diarrhoea?
Large amounts, normal frequency, watery, +/- weight-loss, no blood or mucosa, +/- vomiting
What are common characteristics of LI diarrhoea?
Small amount, higher frequency, +/- blood mucous, weight-loss uncommon and other associated CSx.
What are some Dx tests that can confirm if a dog has acute pancreatitis?
Bloods –> hyperglycaemia/lipidaemia, hypocalcaemia (fat saponification), enzymes and PLI
Biopsy –> golden standard
U/S –> altered parenchyma.
What is the importance of cobalamin levels?
Cobalamin can only be absorbed with a pancreatic intrinsic-factor to allow it to pass through the ileum.
What are the 3 subclasses of IBD?
Lymphocytic/plasmacytic
Eosinophilic
Granulomatous/histiocytic
What are two possible causes of eosinophilic IBD?
Diet or parasite
What are 3 possible causes of granulomatous/histiocytic IBD?
Fungal
Parasite
Atypical infectious agent
How to treat mild constipation…
Enema and lubrication, check-up later the animal has passed faeces
How to treat severe constipation…
IVFT
K supplementation
Deobstipate w/ enema once hydrated.
+/- AMs
What prokinetic drug is very useful for early megacolon?
cisapride
What are the 3 types of megacolon? give each a brief description of development.
Idiopathic - maybe hereditary, is a progressive irreversible decrease in the smooth muscle function.
Acquired - obstruction –> hypertonic –> dilates if not unblocked.
Neurogenic - pelvic nerves/spinal cord defect, acquired or inherited (manx cats).
What are 2 treatment options for megacolon?
medical - diet alteration and cisapride
Sx - partial colectomy (last resort)
