Disease managment

Question 1

disease

Answer 1

Infectious diseases
Significantly contribute to the mortality in
- Elderly
- Immunosuppressed
- Chronic disease states

How microorganisms cause disease?
* Humans harbor a complex ecosystem of microflora.
* Attenuation of normal host- defense healthy”
microbial flora to cause pathologic infections.
* Non-commensal organisms with a wide range
of virulence.
* Highly infectious microbes produce disease in
healthy individuals.

Bloodborne Diseases:
*HIV/AIDS.
*Hepatitis B and C.

Bacterial:
– “Staph” skin infection.
– Pneumonia.
– Urinary tract infection.
– Anthrax
– Botulism

Viral:
– Influenza, or the flu.
– Respiratory infections.
– Diarrhea.
– Chickenpox, measles,
mumps.

• Fungi:
  – Candidiosis, Aspergillosis.

Parasitic: Malaria

Question 2

Infectious diseases definition

Answer 2

• Disease: A pathological condition of body parts or tissues by an identifiable group of signs and symptoms.
• Infectious disease: Disease caused by an infectious agent such as bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa that can be passed on to others.
• Infection: Occurs when an infectious agent enters the body and begins to reproduce; may or may not lead to disease.
• Pathogen: An infectious agent that causes disease.
• Host: An organism infected by another organism.
• Virulence: The relative ability of an agent to cause rapid and severe
  disease in host.

Phases of infectious disease
1. Incubation period: time between infection and
the appearance of signs and symptoms.
2. Prodromal phase: mild, nonspecific symptoms
that signal onset of some diseases.
3. Clinical phase: a person experiences typical
signs and symptoms of disease.
4. Decline phase: subsidence of symptoms.
5. Recovery phase: symptoms have disappeared,
tissue heal and the body regains strength.

Classification of disease
By duration
*Acute: develop and runs its course rapidly
*Chronic: develops more slowly and it usually less severe may
persist for a long, indefinite period of time.
*Latent: characterized by periods of no symptoms between
outbreaks of illness.
By location
*Local: confined to a specific area of the body
*Systemic: a generalized illness that infect most of the body
By timing
*Primary: initial infection in the previously healthy person
*Secondary: infection that occurs in a person weakened by primary infection

Modes of disease transmission

Contact: direct: handshake, kissing, sexual intercourse, bites

Indirect: drinking glasses, toothbrush, toys, punctures

droplet: droplets from sneezing (1 meter)

Vehicle transmission:
Airborne: dust particles
waterborne:streams,swimming pools
Foodborne: poultry, seafood, meat

Vector transmission: Mechnanical: on insect bodies, flies, roaches

Biological: lice ,mites,mosquitoes, ticks

Question 3

Types of diseases

Answer 3

Genetic, Biological, Physical Chemical

Epidemics of
* Plague in India
* Avian (H5N1) influenza in Hong Kong
* Ebola haemorrhagic fever in central Africa
* Nipah virus (niv) infection in Malaysia and Singapore required national and international response.

Plague: Also called as Black Death
*Yersinia pestis causes plague. Transmitted from rodents to
human by aerosols or fleabites.
*There are two main clinical forms of plague infection:
bubonic and pneumonic.
*Bubonic plague is most common form and is
characterized by painful swollen lymph nodes or ‘buboes’.
*The lymph node then becomes inflamed, tense and painful,
and is called a ‘bubo’.
*Inflamed lymph nodes can turn into open sores filled with pus.
*Pneumonic plague, or lung-based plague, is the most
virulent form of plague.

Anthrax
*Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax in human.
*These are prevalant in animals having contact with
spore-contaminated soil.
*Human in contact through exposure to contaminated animal
products or powdered spores (called as a biologic weapon)
suffer from anthrax.
*3 major syndromes:
-Cutaneous: painless, pruritic papules that become
edematous vesicles (lymphadenopathy & lymphangitis)
followed by a black eschar.
-Inhalation: flu like symptoms rapidly leads to sepsis, shock,
and frequently death.
-GI: by eating contaminated meat, causes severe, bloody
diarrhoea and often death.