Bio innovation Flashcards
what is biomimetics
Biomimetics is the application of biological methods and
systems found in nature to the study and design of
engineering systems and modern technology.
how is shark skin used in airplanes
burr seeds and velcro
Shark skin is constructed of overlapping scales causing extreme efficiency to reach high speeds, shark skin coating can be applied on the wings of planes decreases drag and higher speeds, thus better fuel efficiency air bus uses and better handling of aircraft
The results of the use of riblets are a
reduction of the total drag, very imp
burr seeds and velcro
Small hooks enable seed-bearing burr to
cling to tiny loops in fabric.
Velcro was invented
Swiss engineer George de Mestral, who took
the idea from the burrs that stuck to his
dog’s hair.
he noted the tiny
hooks on the end of the burr’s spines that
caught anything with a loop - such as clothing, hair or animal fur
bullet train and kingfisher beak
gecko and gecko tape
the bullet train was intially very loud due to change in air pressure, from the shape of a bird’s beak to make it more
aerodynamic.
The resulting design was based on the narrow profile of a
kingfisher’s beak, resulting in a quieter train that also consumes 15% less electricity and goes 10% faster than before.
gecko and gecko tape
a nocturnal lizard which has
adhesive pads on the feet to assist in
climbing on smooth surfaces.
and walk along ceilings using fine hairs
on feet. lamella
Gecko Tape is a material covered with
nanoscopic hairs that mimic those found on the
feet of gecko lizards. that provide a powerful
adhesive effect.
butterfly wings and qualcomm screen
spider and robot spider
butterfly wings These tiny but complex structures reflect
light in such a way that specific
wavelengths interfere with each other to
create intensely vivid colors
Qualcomm have been able to
mimic this effect, allowing them to
develop a system that produces colored electronic screens that are extremely efficient and can be viewed under any light conditions.
spider and robot spider
ability to squeeze through tight spaces
and turn on a dime makes the spider an ideal model for lifesaving robots that could
make their way through rubble after a disaster to locate survivors.
can be cheaply
reproduced using 3D printers.
for
it can help responders, for
instance by broadcasting live images or
tracking down hazards or leaking gas.
bio-inspired porous carbon
pomelo fruit and space craft landing
Bio-inspired porous carbon showed promising results regarding
their thermal protection of spacecrafts during the re-entry
process into planetary atmosphere
Space environment, presents a challenging setting due to existing
conditions of low to zero gravity, high temperature fluctuations,
elevated levels of UV, EM and particulate radiation,
reactive atomic oxygen, as well as natural micrometeoroids and
space debris.
Recently, researchers have developed lightweight and flexible materials for the protection of structures and equipment against
EM radiation
* Experiments show that EM interference can be
successfully shielded with these materials
pomelo fruit and space craft landing
Landing of unmanned spacecrafts on surface of another
planet is violent and associated with enormous impact forces.
Option of dealing with high impact forces is demonstrated by
the peel of the pomelo fruit.
Peel of the pomelo fruit demonstrates a thick layer with open cell foam structure of varying pore size which protects the
fruit inside from damage when falling from trees.
This impact damping and energy dissipating capabilities are
implemented in artificial versions of the foam to apply in space systems.
robotic system for space debris and octopi arms
As space debris has become a major concern,
- Robotic systems inspired by octopi arms have already been
proposed for space debris removal.
great mobility, maneuverability and adaptability makes them
very suitable to wrap around complex target shapes
Seahorses use their tail for grasping activities involving different
diameter objects.
provide great bending and torsion abilities for
grasping, especially of a diverse range of shapes and sizes,
their tails shows great fracture resistances under crushing and impact forces.
Plant based volatiles inspired packaging sachets – GreenPod
Labs
40% of fresh produce lost before it reaches consumers, Greenpod Labs have
created bio-inspired packaging sachets that mimic the built-in defense mechanisms
within specific fruits or vegetables, in order to slow down the ripening rate and minimize microbial growth. These are called plant-based volatiles, and the right
formulation reduces the need for cold storage and cold supply chains.
Nano structured inspired waterproof and breathable
Textiles – Amphibio
Using textiles made from one source material, made a
new recyclable and PFC-free alternative (sportswear etc)
Removing the need for any chemical treatments,
Embedding enzymes for better plastic degradation - Intropic
Materials
Intropic Materials is solving plastic waste by embedding enzymes
directly inside specific plastics to speed up natural degradation. These plastics break
down at the end of use into biodegradable or chemically recyclable small molecules
without producing microplastics, in -friendly conditions like warm water
baths or compost.
A biological neuron has three types of main components
how does human brain work
dendrites,
soma (or cell body) and axon.
Dendrites receives signals from other neurons.
* The soma, sums the incoming signals. When sufficient input is received,
the cell fires; that is it transmit a signal over its axon to other cells.
HOW DOES HUMAN BRAIN WORK
a typical neuron collects signals from others through a host of fine structures called dendrites.
● The neuron sends out spikes of electrical activity through a
long, thin stand known as an axon, which splits into
thousands of branches.
● At the end of each branch, a structure called a synapse converts the activity from the axon into electrical effects
that inhibit or excite activity in the connected neurons.
Artificial Neural Network-ANN
is an information processing system
similar to biological nets
similar to biological neurons
The processing element receives many signals.
* Signals may be modified by a weight at the receiving synapse.
* The processing element sums the weighted inputs.
* Under appropriate circumstances (sufficient input), the
neuron transmits a single output.
* The output from a particular neuron may go to many other
neurons.
BIOINSPIRED ANN
are mathematical models inspired by the neural connections. Information processing occurs through simple elements called neurons. These neurons are connected by links, and each connection has a weight that determines the strength of the signal passed between neurons. The weight multiplies the signal as it is transmitted across the connection.
Each neuron receives inputs from other neurons, calculates the total weighted input by summing all incoming signals (each multiplied by its respective weight), and applies an activation function to decide its output. The activation function compares the total weighted input to a threshold value, which typically lies between 0 and 1. If the total weighted input is greater than or equal to the threshold, the neuron produces an output signal. Otherwise, no output is produced.
The strength of these connections, stored as weight values, changes during the learning process. Learning to solve a problem in an ANN involves adjusting the connection weights to improve the model’s ability to produce accurate outputs based on the examples or training data provided.
BIOINSPIRED ANN layers
Input Layer - The activity of the input units represents the
raw information that is fed into the network.
● Hidden Layer - The activity of each hidden unit is
determined by the activities of the input units and the
weights on the connections between the input and the
hidden units.
● Output Layer - The behavior of the output units depends on
the activity of the hidden units and the weights between
the hidden and output units.
● This simple type of network is interesting because the
hidden units are free to construct their own representations
of the input.
● The weights between the input and hidden units determine
when each hidden unit is active, and so by modifying these
weights, a hidden unit can choose what it represents
what is P-NET
P-NET is a neural network architecture that encodes different biological entities into a neural
network language with customized connections between consecutive layers (that is, features
from patient profile, genes, pathways, biological processes and outcome). The trained P-NET
provides a relative ranking of nodes in each layer to inform generation of biological
hypotheses. Solid lines show the flow of information from the inputs to generate the outcome
and dashed lines show the direction of calculating the importance score of different nodes.
Candidate genes are validated to understand their function and mechanism of action.
different ANN models examples
Inspired by the five primary sensory systems (vision, touch, hearing,
smell, taste) in the human MSeNN (bioinspired spiking multisensory
neural network, and their interaction via neural networks,
Operational diagram of the artificial MSeNN
VERY IMP, they show graph and ask multiple choice using various sensors
another example:Illustration of the human ability to recognize and visualize audio input, Illustration of the human ability to recognize and visualize audio input
Detected image and vision memory of an apple, pear, blueberry, heart,into the
representations via the autoencoder to supervise the training of the ANN with
audio inputs.
what are Biosensors and components in it, and what is Bio recognition
Analytical devices that combine biological detection components, such as a sensor system, with a transducer.
Components:
transducer(semi-conductor)
electronic system
(signal amplifier, processor)
display
Biosensor= analyte: a substance that aims to detection
ex: glucose is an ‘analyte’ in a biosensor designed to detect
glucose.
Bioreceptor:A molecule that specifically recognizes the analyte
*Enzymes, cells, aptamers,etc
Bio recognition:
the interaction of the bioreceptor with the analyte
which can be converted to make signals by the transducer
