Disease Focus Flashcards
Disease Focus
Many cardiac disorders, especially coronary artery disease, and valvular disorders are associated with a genetic predisposition. Although some of the most serious cardiovascular diseases have few signs and symptoms, when they occur they may include chest pain, breathing difficulties, cardiac irregularities, and loss of consciousness.
For diagnosis, treatment, and management of cardiovascular disorders, the medical services of a cardiologist may be warranted. Cardiology is the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system.
Arteriosclerosis is a progressive degenerative disease of arterial____ that causes them to become thickened and____, restricting the flow of blood to tissues and organs. Its most common cause is the buildup of a plaquelike substance composed of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris (_____) on the interior arterial wall. Over time, the atheroma hardens (athero___) and increases in size, causing the lumen of the artery to narrow. In some instances, blood hemorrhages into the plaque and forms a clot (______) that may break loose, travel through the vascular system, and lodge in a more distal area of the artery. Arterial emboli that completely block circulation cause localized tissue death (___) in the surrounding area. A partial blocking of circulation causes localized tissue anemia(deficient red cells) (____emia).deficient in blood supply
Walls
Brittle
Atheroma
Sclerosis
Thrombus
Infarction
Isch
Arteries usually affected by arteriosclerosis include the coronary&____
, cerebral, and femoral arteries and the____. Depending on the artery involved, signs and symptoms vary. Arteriosclerosis in the coronary arteries causes chest pain and tightness (____), commonly with excessive sweating (____esis). Arteriosclerosis in the carotid and cerebral arteries causes weakness or paralysis on one side of the body (___plegia), blurred____, and confusion. Arteriosclerosis in the femoral arteries causes muscle pain (my___) in calves, thighs, and feet.
Carotid
Aorta
Angina
Diaphor
hemi
Vision
Algia
Major risk factors for developing arteriosclerosis include an elevated level of fatty substances in the blood (hyper___emia), age, family history, smoking, hyper____, and diabetes.
Lipid
Tension
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
For the heart to function effectively, the myocardium must receive an adequate and uninterrupted supply of blood from the____ arteries. Any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium is called coronary artery disease (CAD). The major cause of CAD is arterio_____. Other causes include hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and____ therapy to the chest associated with certain types of cancers. An inadequate blood supply to the myocardium (_____) may lead to death (necrosis) of the heart muscle (myocardial_____ [MI]).
coronary
Sclerosis
radiation
ischemia
infarction
As the heart muscle undergoes necrotic changes, it releases several highly specific substances, including___, proteins, and____. Rapid elevation in the levels of these substances at predictable times following MI helps differentiate MI from
___carditis, (inflammation of the heart sac) abdominal aortic _____(bulge in a weak artery) (AAA), and acute pulmonary
_____.(obstruction)
enzymes hormones
peri
aneurysm
embolism
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its____. It is usually caused by bacteria (infective endocarditis) that have entered the bloodstream from infections in remote regions of the body (gut, skin, ___) and have lodged on______ endocardial tissue or____ valves. Once established in the heart, bacteria and other cellular material form clumps (_____) on the valves, especially the____ valve, causing it to narrow (mitral valve____) and impeding blood flow to the ventricle or not to close properly (mitral valve____), commonly causing a backflow of blood into the atrium (_____).
valves
Mouth
Damaged
Abnormal
vegetations
Mitral
Stenosis
insufficiency
regurgitation
Although medications may prove helpful, if heart failure develops as a result of damaged heart valves, surgery to correct the damaged valves (___plasty) may be the only treatment option. Whenever possible, the original valve is repaired. When the damage is extensive, a mechanical device or one made of human or animal tissue (___prosthetic) may be used.
______valvular defects, scarlet & rheumatic fever, mitral valve____, and_____ valves are predisposing factors for developing endocarditis. Patients susceptible to endocarditis are given antibiotic treatment to protect against infection before invasive procedures (pro_____tic treatment).-to prevent disease
Valvulo
Bio
Congenital
Prolapse
Prosthetic
phylac(to guard)
Varicose Veins are enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins. They develop when the valves of the veins do not function properly (_____) and fail to prevent the backflow of blood. Varicose veins may develop in almost any part of the body, including the esophagus (____) and rectum (___), but occur most commonly in the greater and lesser _____ous veins of the lower legs. Varicose veins of the legs are not typically painful but may be unsightly in appearance. Treatment of mild cases of varicose veins includes use of____ stockings and rest periods, during which the legs are elevated.
incompetent
Varices
hemorrhoids
Saphen
Elastic
, if pain, open lesions, or inflammation of the vein (___itis) develops, treatment may be required. Destroying the tissue within the vein (endovenous____) is an effective and minimally invasive technique in treating varicose veins. Common endovenous options include treatments that employ lasers, heat (____ ablation), extreme cold (___ablation), or chemicals (___therapy). These treatments destroy the vein wall and coagulate blood inside the vessel, causing it to collapse and seal. Later, the vessels dissolve within the body, becoming less visible or disappearing altogether. Endovascular methods of treatment are replacing the more invasive, complicated ligation and stripping, which is more painful and requires a longer_____escent (recovery from illness) time.
phleb
ablation
Radiofrequency
Cryo
Sclero
Conval
Oncology
Although rare, the most common primary tumor of the heart is composed of mucous connective tissue (___oma); however, these tumors tend to be benign. Although some myxomas originate in the endocardium of the heart chambers, most arise in the___ atrium. Occasionally, they impede___ valve function and cause a decrease in exercise tolerance, ___pnea, fluid in the lungs (pulmonary ____), and systemic problems, including joint pain (____algia), malaise(feeling of being unwell) , and____(reduce ability to carry oxygen). These tumors are usually identified and located by two-dimensional ____cardiography. When present, they should be____ surgically.
Myx
Left
Mitral
Dys
Edema
Arthr
Anemia
Echo
Excised
Most cancers of the heart are the result of a malignancy originating in another area of the body (primary tumor) that spreads (metastasizes) to the heart. The most common primary tumor site is a darkly pigmented mole or tumor (malignant melanoma) of the skin, bone marrow, or lymphatic tissue. Treatment of the metastatic tumor of the heart involves treating the primary tumor.
_____
Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery
Types of aneurysm. (A) ____form, with dilation of the entire circumference of the artery. (B) ____cular, with dilation of one side of the artery. (C) ____ing, in which a tear in the inner layer causes a cavity to form between the layers of the artery that fills with blood and expands with each heartbeat.
aneurysm
Fusi
Sac
Dissect
angina
angin: ___ pain
-a: noun ending
Chest pain caused by obstructions or ____ of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium; also called (angina ____is)
Anginal pain typically radiates down the left arm or into the shoulder, neck, jaw, or ___.
Choking
Spasms
Pector
Back
arrhythmia:
Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia
bradycardia
brady-: slow
-cardia: heart condition
Abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than__ beats per minute in a resting adult
_______
Abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
heart ____
Interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the ___ fibers
tachycardia
tachy-: rapid
-cardia: heart condition
Abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to___ beats/minute
Patients with tachycardia may experience palpitations.
60
Fibrillation
Block
Purkinje
200
____
Soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both; also called____
Bruit
Murmur
cardiomyopathy
cardi/o: heart
my/o: muscle
-pathy: disease
Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
Causes of cardiomyopathy include viral or bacterial infections, ___ disorders, and general systemic____.
Metabolic
Disease
____tation
Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
______
embol: embolus (plug)
-ism: condition
Intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life-threatening situations
The deadliest form is a____ embolism that blocks blood flow to the lungs, causing chest pain, hypoxemia, tachycardia, and even sudden death. When treated, mortality rate drops considerably.
Coarc
Embolism
Pulmonary
heart failure (HF)
Disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body
Common causes of HF include___ artery disease, hypertension,____, and obesity. As the disease progresses, blood returning to the heart backs up, causing congestion and____ in the tissues, especially the lower legs and ankles.____ management, weight control, and____ restriction can improve quality of life.
Coronary
Diabetes
Edema
Stress
Salt
hyperlipidemia
hyper-: excessive, above normal
lipid: fat
-emia: blood condition
Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood
Hyperlipidemia is associated with an increased risk of athero____.
Sclerosis
hypertension (HTN)
hyper-: excessive, above normal
-tension: to stretch
Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than _____ mm Hg
140/90
hypotension
hypo-: under, below, deficient
-tension: to stretch
Low blood pressure persistently lower than____ mm Hg
90/60
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
Structural____ in which the mitral (____) valve leaflets prolapse into the____ during ventricular contraction (____), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
Common signs and symptoms of MVP include a characteristic___ heard on auscultation and ____ of the heart.
Defect
Bicuspid
Left atrium
Systole
Murmur
Palpitations
palpitation:
Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or___
Flutter
