Diagnostic, Surgical, and Therapeutic Procedures Flashcards
Clinical
electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
electr/o: electricity
cardi/o: heart
-graphy: process of recording
Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal____ applied to the chest, arms, and___
ECG helps diagnose abnormal heart rhythms and myocardial___.
electrodes
legs
damage
Clinical____ monitor test
Procedure that uses a small, portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over a_____-hour period; also called___ monitor test
Holter monitoring is particularly useful in diagnosing a cardiac arrhythmia that would be missed during an ECG of only a few minutes’ duration.
Holter
24- to 48
Event
Clinical____ test
ECG taken under controlled exercise____ conditions (bicycle or treadmill)
A stress test may show abnormal ECG tracings that do not appear during an ECG taken when the patient is resting.
Stress2x
Laboratory
cardiac_______
cardi: heart
-ac: pertaining to
Blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress; also called cardiac___ test
When the presence of cardiac biomarkers is first detected in a blood specimen, it helps diagnose and differentiate various cardiac conditions.
biomarkers enzyme
Laboratory
____panel
Series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of____ heart disease
Lipid
ischemic
Procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel (angio____) after injection of a contrast medium_____.
Imaging
angiography
angi/o: vessel (usually blood or lymph)
-graphy: process of recording
Angiography of an artery is called _____graphy. Angiography of a vein is called ___graphy.
Gram
Arterio
Veno
Imaging
____graphy
aort/o: aorta
-graphy: process of recording
Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium
Aortography helps diagnose aortic______.
Aorto
insufficiency
Imaging
coronary angiography
coron: heart
-ary: pertaining to
Specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose____ or____ of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle
stenosis
obstruction
Imaging
Doppler US
Ultrasonography used to assess the direction and____ of blood flow through blood____ by reflecting sound waves off_____; also called ultrasonography using___ pitch
Various Doppler techniques help diagnose blood clots, valvular d____, arterial occlusions, and an_____.
Speed
vessels
red blood cells
Sound
Disorders
Imaging
____artery US
Ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or____ on the walls of the carotid arteries
Carotid
Tears
Imaging
____cardiography
echo-: repeated sound
cardi/o: heart
-graphy: process of recording
Ultrasound test that produces_____ images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assesses cardiac___
ECHO involves placement of a ____ducer on the chest to direct ultrahigh-frequency sound waves toward cardiac structures. Reflected echoes are displayed on a monitor.
Echo
moving
output
trans
Imaging
myocardial___
imaging (MPI)
my/o: muscle
cardi: heart
-al: pertaining to
Noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive___ in conjunction with a__ test to show how well blood flows through (___fuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise; also called ___ear stress test
Typically, MPI involves intravenous administration of such radioactive substances as ____lite and thallium during the test. A gamma camera identifies areas of reduced blood flow that show up as “cold spots,” an indication of myocardial damage.
perfusion tracer
stress
Per
Nucl
Cardio
Imaging single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
tom/o: to cut
-graphy: process of recording
Myocardial___ test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “___” of the heart (tomography)
SPECT shows how well blood is flowing to the heart and how efficiently the heart is pumping with the patient at rest or during___.
perfusion slices
exercise
Imaging
cardi: heart
-ac: pertaining to
Specialized procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium
helps evaluate the effects of coronary heart disease, plan treatment strategies, and monitor the progression of disorders over time.
cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
KĂR-dē-ăk
angi/o: vessel (usually blood or lymph
-graphy: process of recording that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels, detects blood flow, the condition of blood vessel walls, and blockages without using a contrast medium
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan
Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move as they contract and then calculates the_____ rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)
The ____rate is the most accurate predictor of overall heart function. The gamma camera is coordinated (___) with the patient’s ECG.
(ejection fraction 2x)
gated
Other
cardi: heart
-ac: pertaining to
Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
CC gathers information about the heart, including____ through the coronary arteries and blood flow and____ through the heart’s chambers, and enables blood sample collection and x-rays of the heart.
cardiac catheterization
blood supply
pressure
_____study (EPS)
Special catheterization test that involves insertion of____ catheters into the heart to study and map the conduction system and safely reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient’s heart
The information derived from EPS helps determine the best medication, treatment, or device to control or correct the abnormal rhythm.
electrophysiology
electrode
Surgical
______
angi/o: vessel (usually blood or lymph)
-plasty: surgical repair
Endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow
Angioplasty is most commonly performed on coronary, carotid, renal, or peripheral arteries occluded by atherosclerosis.
angioplasty
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
pĕr-kū-TĀ-nē-ŭs
trăns-LŪ-mĭ-năl
KOR-ō-nă-rē
ĂN-jē-ō-plăs-tē
per-: through
cutane: skin
-ous: pertaining to
Angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involves insertion of a balloon catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow
After the balloon opens the lumen, the practitioner deflates and removes it. This procedure is complete
cardiac ablation
KĂR-dē-ăk ăb-LĀ-shŭn
cardi: heart
-ac: pertaining to
Procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a vein in the groin and threaded to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause an arrhythmia
Cardiac ablation employs radiofrequency (heat) laser, or cryoenergy (very cold) to cause scarring of abnormal areas, thus correcting arrhythmias of the heart.
Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle (See Fig. 8-18.)
The two most common vessels for coronary grafts are the internal mammary arteries and the saphenous veins of the leg.
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
KOR-ō-nă-rē ĂR-tĕr-ē
coron: heart
-ary: pertaining to
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
KĂR-dē-ō-vĕr-tĕr
dē-FĬB-rĭ-lā-tor
Small, battery-powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who is at high risk for developing an arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest; also called automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)
The ICD monitors and restores the heart to a normal rhythm by delivering an electrical shock to the heart. Shock to the heart
open heart surgery
Surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries
During the operation, a heart-lung machine takes over circulation and oxygen exchange to allow surgery on the resting (nonbeating) heart. Types of open heart surgery include CABG, valve replacement, and heart transplant.
